OMM/OPP

Question 1

Touch

Answer 1

perception that derives from neural activity in a complex network that includes the somatic sensory system including portions of many of the cortical regions in the cerebrum

Question 2

Perception

Answer 2

The conscious mental registration or awareness of a sensory stimulus

Question 3

Receptive field

Answer 3

An area within which a stimulus can excite a cell causing it to fire an action potential or alter the firing of the neuron associated with it.

Question 4

2 point discrimination-

Answer 4

The ability to discern that two nearby objects are touching the skin at two distinct points. The smallest most dense sensory units are located in the areas with the greatest somatosensory cortical representation (lips and finger pads)

Question 5

Stereognosis

Answer 5

The ability to recognize the 3-D shape of an object solely based on touch

Question 6

Threshold

Answer 6

the least amount of energy of force needed to cause a measurable response. The threshold of different receptors varies, therefore vary the pressure used for the most complete picture.

Question 7

Adaption

Answer 7

when a continuous sensory stimulus is applied the receptors initially respond at a high impulse rate but then drop off until they may no longer respond

Question 8

Mechanoreceptors

Answer 8

Sensitive to physical distortion: bending, stretching, vibration and pressure

Question 9

Nociceptors

Answer 9

Signal that the body is being damaged or is at risk of being damaged
4 categories: mechanical (strong pressure from sharp objects), thermal (extreme temperatures), chemically sensitive (pH), polymodal
Free, unbranching lightly myelineated or unmyelinated nerve endings

Question 10

Thermoreceptors

Answer 10

Receptors that are sensitive to extreme hot or cold

Question 11

Proprioceptors

Answer 11

Measure length and tendon and limb position so the body knows where it is in space, how fast it is going and what direction it is going

Question 12

Encapsulated ending mechanoreceptors

4 examples

Answer 12

Pacinian corpuscle
Meissner’s corpuscle
Merkel disks
Ruffini endings

Question 13

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 13

receptors with rapidly adapting endings/ quickly change discharge patterns to static stimulus , better for dynamic
Detect deep pressure and rapid vibration
Large receptive Field

Question 14

Meissner’s corpuscle

Answer 14

rapidly adapting endings, better for dynamic, 1/10 size of Pacinian corpuscles, light touch, help create adaptation, small receptive fields, fingertips, lips, soles of feet, tongue and face, more superficial

Question 15

Merkel disks

Answer 15

better at detecting static stimulus, sustained pressure and texture, surface structure, moisture, tactile discrimination, small receptive fields, greater number on finger pads

Question 16

Ruffini endings

Answer 16

better at detecting static stimulus, spindle-shaped and are sensitive to sustained pressure and skin stretch-located deeper in the dermis

Question 17

Hair root plexus

Answer 17

known for detecting light touch

Question 18

Krause’s end bulbs

Answer 18

found in border regions of dry skin and mucous membranes and participate in crude touch

Question 19

Explain how somatic sensation is transmitted to the brain.

Answer 19

1st order neuron (primary afferent)- Periphery- sensory receptors (i.e. mechanoreceptors)- responds to a stimulus, transduces it and transmits the encoded information to the CNS.
Dorsal root ganglion- up the dorsal column nuclei
2nd order neuron (secondary afferents)- located in spinal cord or brainstem/ medulla
3rd order- resides within the thalamus
4th order- the somatosensory cortex (located in the postcentral gyrus of the cerebral cortex)- this is now where perception occurs- the conscious awareness of the stimulus

Question 20

Dorsal or Posterior Columnar-Medial Lemniscal Pathway:

Answer 20

transmits information about touch and vibration, tactile pressure, stereognosis, recognition of texture, 2 point discrimination from the skin and proprioceptive signals and kinesthesia (sense of body motion) from the limbs. It is a high speed pathway carrying touch and proprioceptive sensory information to the primary somatic sensory cortex

Question 21

Spinothalamic pathway

Answer 21

carries information about pain, itch, temperature, crude or non-discriminative touch

Question 22

Sensory Homunculus:

Answer 22

distorted human figure used to represent the relative area of cerebral cortex devoted to sensation of corresponding skin areas at the postcentral gyrus.

Question 23

Motor Homunculus

Answer 23

distorted human figure used to represent the relative area of cerebral cortex devoted to movement of corresponding motor areas at the precentral gyrus.

Question 24

palpation

Answer 24

The act of feeling with the hand, The application of the fingers with varying pressure to the surface of the body during physical diagnosis, for the purpose of determining the condition of the parts beneath.

Question 25

when to palpate

Answer 25

As often as possible with permission, in context of H and P, accurate palpation leads to a diagnosis and rational treatment

Question 26

steps of palpation

Answer 26

Reception/ Detection-using the exteroceptors and proprioceptors to discover the nature of the object (easier if there is a context)
Transmission- info gathered is relayed to the peripheral and CNS in the brain
Interpretation- translate palpatory observations into meaningful knowledge about anatomic, physiologic or pathologic states.
(Amplification- focus and eliminate distractions)

Question 27

DO definition

Answer 27

Licensed physician
Patient centered philosophy
trained in OMT
comprehensive care

unique philosophy, anatomy, mind, body, spirit

Question 28

4 pillars of osteopathic med

Answer 28

1. Body, mind spirit
2. Body has self-regulatory and self-healing mechanisms
3. Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated
4. Ration therapy is based on understanding the above principles

Question 29

AT Stills

Answer 29

founder of osteopathy, found doctors were doing harm, starting thinking of body parts as a machine

Question 30

Jenette (Nettie) Bolles

Answer 30

1st women nominated for AOA president

Question 31

Meta Christy

Answer 31

1st African American DO

Question 32

history of DO

Answer 32

1874-Dr. Still presents his findings at Baker University, ejected from church
1892-Americal School of Osteopathy in Kirksville, MO
1897-Osteopathic medicine legalized in MO
1901- American Osteopathic Association (AOA) established
1910 Flexner Report published condemning MD and DO schools
1918-1919- Spanish flu, DO schools have lower death rate
1927-instroduced pharmacology
1962 CA medical associate prohibits DO from receiving licenses
1966- Vietnam War, 1st DO commissioned
1974- OPSC wins legal battle in CA

Question 33

flexner report

Answer 33

calls out DO and MD schools for poor education

Question 34

WWII and Vietnam war

Answer 34

AMA blocked DO participation of WWII, DO started seeing domestic patients and many patients did not come back to MDs, Vietnam war-DOs could serve in military

Question 35

CA Merger

Answer 35

1959 CA medical Association and CA osteopathic association met secretly to discuss merging 2 organization, merged then DOs could get MDs
Made DO positions around the country stronger
1962 CA prohibits DO from receiving licenses, 1974 OPSC wins legal battle to overturn this
Had their own NBOME self-regulation at the time

Question 36

TART

Answer 36

Tenderness
Asymmetry
Restricted motion
Tissue texture changes

Question 37

Osteopathic 5 model system

Answer 37

• biomechanical
• respiratory/circulatory
• neurologic
• metabolic
• biopsychosocial

Question 38

somatic dysfunction (4 definitions)

Answer 38

• Somatic Dysfunction I- Impaired or altered function of related components of the body framework system: skeletal, arthrodial and myofascial structures and their related vascular, lymphatic and neural elements.
• Somatic Dysfunction II- It is characterized by positional asymmetry, restricted range of motion, tissue texture abnormalities, and/ or tenderness.
• Somatic dysfunction III- The positional and motion aspects of somatic dysfunction are generally described by: (1) the position of a body part as determined by palpation and referenced to its adjacent structure, (2) the directions in which motion is freer, and (3) the directions in which motion is restricted.
• Somatic dysfunction IV- Somatic dysfunction is treatable using osteopathic manipulative technique (OMT)