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Osteopathy > OMM > Flashcards

OMM Flashcards

1
Q

Four principles of Osteopathy

A
  1. The body is a unit
  2. It has its own self –protecting and self-regulating mechanisms
  3. Structure and function are reciprocally interrelated
  4. Treatment considers the preceding three principles
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2
Q

Somatic Dysfunction

A

Impaired or altered function of related components of the somatic (body framework) system: skeletal, arthrodial, and myofascial structures, and related vascular, lymphatic and neural elements

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3
Q

Sherrington’s Law

A
  1. Every posterior spinal nerve root supplies a specific region of skin through fibers from adjacent segments
  2. When nerve receives an impulse to contract (agonist) then the antagonist relaxes
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4
Q

Head’s Law

A

When a painful stimulus is applied to a body part of low sensitivity that is in close central connection with a point of higher sensitivity, the pain is felt at the point of higher sensitivity rather than at the point where the stimulus is applied

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5
Q

Hilton’s Law

A

Any nerve stimulating a muscle producing movement at a joint, also innervates the joint and skin over it

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6
Q

Hooke’s Law

A

Any strain (deformation) placed upon an elastic body is in proportion to the stress (force) placed upon it

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7
Q

Wolf’s Law

A

Bones tend to deform along lines of force placed upon them, this is also true for soft tissues

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8
Q

Facilitation

A

The maintenance of a pool of neurons in a state of sub-threshold excitation; in the state, less afferent stimulation is required to trigger the discharge of impulses

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9
Q

What three things could help the operator make an accurate clinical diagnosis?

A
  1. Studying functional anatomy need to know anatomy and how it is supposed to function
  2. Understanding normal and pathological physiology so you understand what is considered normal and how it can go wrong
  3. Ability to find somatic dysfunction
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10
Q

What does TART stand for?

A

T – tissue texture change
A – asymmetry
R – restriction of motion
T – tenderness

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11
Q

A.T. Still’s date of birth and death

A

Born 6 Aug 1828 in Virginia; died in 12 Dec 1917 in Kirksville, Missouri

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12
Q

Year that Still “Flung to the breeze the banner of Osteopathy”

A

1874

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13
Q

Coined the term Osteopathy

A

1889

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14
Q

1864

A

Three of his children died of spinal meningitis

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15
Q

Year the ASO was chartered

A

1892

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16
Q

William Smith was granted the first diploma

A

15 Feb 1893

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17
Q

2 March 1894

A

First class graduated

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18
Q

Nov 1896

A

Vermont became the first state to legally license DO’s, the second is North Dakota

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19
Q

George Still

A
  • Still’s nephew
  • Taught surgery at the ASO
  • One of the first people to say that they should separate surgery patients from other patients; separate staff; separate buildings to avoid contamination
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20
Q

Fred Still

A
  • Born 1874, died 1894
  • Crushed by horse and sent to California where he succumbed to injuries
  • Graduated with the first class; dedicated to osteopathy – even fixed girl’s wrist before dying
  • Still said when Fred died, future of Osteopathy died with him
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21
Q

Arthur Hildreth

A
  • Became the second principal of ASO in 1889, resigned in 1900
  • Comes from a poor background
  • Dedicated to osteopathy and thus not liked by the Littlejohns
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22
Q

Direct method

A

Take the tissue or joint to the restructure barrier (“pathologic barrier”, “direct barrier”) and work through the barrier using some activating force. To reach the barrier, the joint or the joint tissues are moved in the direction in which there is restriction of motion.

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23
Q

Indirect method

A

Take the tissues or joint away from the restrictive barrier to a point of ease and let the intrinsic forces, respiratory force and/or traction or compression activate release of the somatic dysfunction

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24
Q

Ease

A

The way the fascial tissue will move

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25
Q

Drag

A

The sensation of resistance felt when the fascial tissues are moved in the direction of their restriction

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26
Q

What is the functional thoracic inlet?

A

The functional thoracic inlet is a clinical inlet; its borders are defined as being the manubrium with the joint of Louis, the first two ribs on each side and the first four thoracic vertebrae. it is an important static landmark that will be used in torsion of the fascias at the thoracic inlet.

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27
Q

What is the rule of threes?

A

SP 1-3 are at the same level of their TVPs
SP 4-6 are 1/2 vertebral level below their TVP
SP 7-9 are one full vertebral level below TVP
SP 10-12 gradually return to the same plane as the TVP whose spine is being palpated

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28
Q

What are the mechanical requirements for effective breathing?

A
  • Mechanical respiratory actions provided through the special arrangement of the rib cage with the thoracic spine
  • Special muscle attachments
  • Presence of a strong, well-domed abdominal diaphragm
  • Motion capabilities of approximately 146 joints of the thoracic, costal and sternal structures
  • A closed chest cage and intact phrenic nerve (C3,4 ,5) innervation to the diaphragm
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29
Q

What are the seven joints and joint-like structures of the shoulder?

A
  • Acromioclavicular joint
  • Suprahumeral “joint”
  • Glenohumeral joint
  • Scapulocostal “joints” (Serratoscapular and Serratocostal)
  • Costosternal joint
  • Vertebral joints (Costotransverse and costovertebral)
  • Sternoclavicular joint
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30
Q

Four axis of the femur

A

Transverse axis

AP axis

Anatomical longitudinal axis

Functional longitudinal axis

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31
Q

What are the minor motions allowed in the hip joint?

A

Posterior and anterior glide of the femoral head in relations to internal and external rotation of the femur

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32
Q

Major motions of the hip

A

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

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33
Q

Internal rotation glides the femoral head __________ into the acetabulum

A

deeper/posteriorly

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34
Q

Ligaments of the hip joint

A

Anteriorly

  • Iliofemoral ligament
  • Pubofemoral ligmament

Posteriorly
-Ischiofemoral ligament

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35
Q

Anteromedial glide occurs with full _________and posteriormedial glide occurs with full ____________ of the knee.

A

flexion, extension

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36
Q

Flexion of the knee brings the ______condylar surface to its physiological barrier sooner than the _____ condyle.

A

lateral, medial

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37
Q

Muscles that cause inversion of the ankle

A

Tibialis anterior

Tibilais posterior

38
Q

Muscles that cause eversion of the ankle

A

Fibularis longus
Fibularis brevis
Fibularis tertius

39
Q

Muscles that cause dorsiflexion

A

Tibialis anterior
Extensor hallicus longus muscle
Extensor hallicus digitorium muscle
Fibularis tertius

40
Q

Muscles that cause plantar flexion

A

Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris

41
Q

Flexors of the knee

A

Hamstrings (Biceps femoris, semitendinous, semimembranosus)

Gastrocnemius

Gracilis

Sartorius

42
Q

Extensors of the knee

A

Quadriceps femoris (Rectus femoris, vasus medialis, intermedius and lateralis)

43
Q

What combined motions of the tibia are most likely to injure the medial meniscus?

A

flexion, abduction and external rotation

44
Q

What characteristics are noted with forward bending or (flexion) of the cervical spine?

A

The spines separate

The facets of the superior vertebra glide anterior on the facets of the vertebra below it

The intervertebral foramen open up

The nucleus pulposus pushes posteriorly

Neurologic symptoms may be produced by this maneuver, especially in patients with structural changes, permitting the nucleus pulposus to press on nerve root structures

45
Q

Forward bending or (flexion) of the typical cervical spine is also known as regional extension. Why?

A

Cervical forward bending (FB) is generally called “flexion”. Some older texts however will refer to this as Fryette extension, or regional extension because the two ends of the curve separate.

46
Q

Backward bending or (extension) of the typical cervical spine is also known as what?

A

Backward bending (BB) of the cervical spine is generally called “extension” (even though Fryette defined this as regional “flexion” because the two ends of the curve approximated).

47
Q

What common characteristics does BB or extension of the cervical spine exhibit?

A

The spines approximate

The facets of the superior vertebra glide posterior on the facets of the vertebra below it

The intervertebral foramen are narrowed

The nucleus pulposus of the intervertebral disks push anteriorly

Neurological symptoms may be produced by this manoeuvre, especially in patients with osteoarthritis which structurally reduces the size of the intervertebral foramen

48
Q

The angle formed by the intersection of the anatomical axis of the shaft of the femur and the longitudinal axis of the neck of the femur is called the __________ and normally measures 120-135 degrees

A

Angle of inclination

49
Q

If the angle of inclination is larger than 135 degrees

A

Coxa valgus

50
Q

If the angle of inclination is smaller than 120 degrees

A

Coxa varus

51
Q

Genu valgum

A

Knocked knees

52
Q

Genu valgus

A

Bow-legged

53
Q

Valgus force

A

Force coming from lateral direction; forces a joint medially

54
Q

Varum force

A

Force coming from medial direction; forces a joint laterally

55
Q

What level of the spine are the following structures found? Vena cava, esophagus, and the aorta.

A

Vena cava is to the right of midline at T8
Esophagus is to the left of the midline at T10
Aorta sits slightly to the left of the median plane at T12

56
Q

In the case of the first rib, what usually dictates its preference of position?

A

First vertebra

57
Q

What is rib raising and what effect does it have?

A

Thoracic sympathetic chain ganglia are segmentally located in the fascias over each rib head. Because of this relationship, a manipulative technique called rib raising initially stimulates the thoracic sympathetic outflow, but gives rise a longer lasting effect of decreasing sympathetic tone by reflexly inhibiting the higher sympathetic centers in the medulla.

58
Q

What are the two important mechanical functions of the thorax?

A
  • Respiration

- Lymphatic pump

59
Q

What are the dimensions and boundaries of the thorax?

A

The thorax is a bony cylinder composed of 12 thoracic vertebrae, 12 ribs, 12 costocartilages, a sternum and a right and left interchondral mass. Since there are 12 thoracic vertebrae and the poseterior dimension of the thorax is 12 inches in length, each vertebra and its disk accounts for about 1 inch of this border.

60
Q

What are 3 examples of fascial chains in the body?

A
  • Cervical prevertebral fascias continue into the thorax as the prevertebral fascia
  • The fascias which attach to the sphenoid and pterygoid areas at the base of the skull appear to continue down through the neck to become the visceral fascias
  • The pharyngeal fascias and those fascias attaching to the inferior portion of the mandible seem to become the fascias of the arm and the anterior chest wall in the thorax
61
Q

Three influential women in osteopathy

A

Louisa Burns
Nerdy Bowles
Viola Frymann

62
Q

What is the inferior thoracic aperture?

A

The inferior thoracic outlet is the inferior boundary of the thorax and the abdominal diaphragm closes it. Functionally, this outlet is defined as the attachments of the abdominal diaphragm (xiphoid process, lower six ribs, and L1, 2, 3).

63
Q

Names of sons of Still that graduated from ASO

A

Fred Still
Charles E Still
Harry Still
Henry Still

64
Q

Year the ASO was rechartered

A

October 30, 1894

65
Q

Ligaments of the SC joint

A
  • Sternoclavicular ligament
  • Interclavicular ligament
  • Costoclavicular ligament
66
Q

What are the four ligaments that stabilize the AC joint?

A
  • Acromioclavicular ligament
  • Coracoacromial ligament
  • Medial coracoclavicular ligament
  • Lateral coracoclavicular ligament (trapezoid and conoid)
67
Q

Still Hildreth Osteopathic Sanatorium, Macon, Missouri

A

o 1913 Hildreth’s wife dies from cancer
o Hildreth was in a very bad state, thought about quitting
o The property was bought and built so that Arther Hildreth could stay with osteopathy
o Able to cure 55% of insanity
o Stayed open till 1960s when the psycho active drugs started coming out
o Not just an institution, had a music room, atrium, restaurant – not just boxing people into rooms but treating them as people

68
Q

Louisa Burns

A

o Graduated in 1903 from the Pacific College of Osteopathy
o Wrote four books in early 1900s
o Induced lesions in animals and then dissected them to see what the lesions led to (used a lot of rabbits)
o Kirksville is now going to prove Louisa’s findings
o Born 1870, died Jan 19, 1958
o Trading card was issued in 1995

69
Q

Marion Clarke

A
  • Stuck to osteopathy
  • Born in 1874, died in 1959 June 22
  • Wrote an osteopathic anatomy textbook
  • Wrote a book on diseases of women – OB at ASO
  • Graduated 1899
  • Stayed on teaching staff to 1908
70
Q

Carl Philip McConnell

A

o Like Hildreth, Still’s right hand man
o After graduating ASO, he went to study homeopathy
o Born 1874 in Mendora, Wisconsin
o “Throughout the history of osteopathy, the one outstanding man next to A.T. Still, was and is, Carl P. McConnell- a quiet, lovable, clear-minded, scientific thinker, with a rare understanding of the human body, its structure and function, and the significance of the osteopathic concept and art of practice”
o wrote a lot of papers

71
Q

Dane Tusker

A
  • Went to pacific school
  • Studied anatomy
  • Studied osteopathy
  • Moved to Kirksville to do graduate study in the early 1990s
  • Wife was osteopath
  • Tried x-ray photography
72
Q

Elmer D. Barber

A

o first person to write a book in osteopathy
o class of 1895
o wrote the book in 1896
o founded the national school of osteopathy 1898 in Kansas City
o stole everything from Still
o Still felt his school was a diploma mill and sent William Smith to investigate because he doesn’t know William Smith
o Still sued Barber for being a diploma mill
o Lost the lawsuit because his charter was for different state
o Wrote a letter apologizing to A.T. Still and then killed himself

73
Q

Morris Fishhalm

A

o Says that Palmer’s son (B.J. Palmer) says his father stole chiropractor from A.T. Still
o Saw the guestbook with Palmer’s signature

74
Q

Elva Gregory

A

o Started early chiropractor school
o Connected to Strudders
o Realized that Palmer knew nothing of anatomy, canned Palmer

75
Q

Blanche Still

A
  • A.T. Still’s youngest daughter

- Married to George Laughlin

76
Q

D.D. Palmer

A

o Treated by A.T. Still
o Ate at Stlll’s table
o Talked to students and were treated by them
o Founded first school of chiropractics 1895
o Claimed to receive chiropractic visions from the beyond
o School was in debt by 1896 and left it to his son and went west
o B.J. Palmer ran over his father during a parade with a float → tried to pin murder on him but nothing stuck

77
Q

Strothers

A

o No documentation he graduated
o Part of first class 1892
o Practiced in Davenport, Iowa
o Never formally graduated in 1894

78
Q

A.P Davis

A

o Osteopathy grad, chiropractor then neuropathy

o First student of D.D. Palmer

79
Q

Gordon ZInk

A

o Died 1981 by ALS
o Pennsylvania College of Osteopathic Medicine in the 1930s
o Contributed to osteopathic education through tireless and inspired teaching, emphasized the respiratory circulatory model; common compensatory patter of “Zink”
• Believed it could be influenced even in childhood
• Stuck to original philosophy

80
Q

George Laughlin

A 
o	Graduated 1900
•	Hildreth became dean for a short time
•	1900-1906, 1908-1910, 1912-1918
o	Married Blanche Still
o	Opened Laughlin hospital 
o	Founded the A.T. Still School 
o	Bought out ASO and merged Kirksville Osteopathic College
•	Served as the president until 1926
81
Q

John Wernham

A
  • Born 1907, around the time Littlejohn was in Chicago
  • Early 1930s, started in BSO
  • Photographer during WWII, came back after war and completed studies
  • Became faculty member in BSO
  • Founded the school John Wernham of Ostopathy
  • Died in 2007
82
Q

John Martin Littlejohn

A

o Had a terrible throat condition, in the states, Still fixed him up
o Dean for six months of ASO
o Then there was a falling out; wrote a nasty letter to Still about how Hildreth was not an educated man
o Wanted less deans, Still kicked Smith out
o Founded the Chicago school
o 1913 he went to UK to talk about opening school, 1917 was when he opened the school

83
Q

Frank Millard

A

o Wrote a book of the lymphatic system; written in 1922; wrote it while at UT
o Moved up here in 1922
o Original members of the OOA
o D.O.

84
Q

Charlotte Weaver

A

o Graduated in 1912 from ASO
o Up until that point Still has done a lot up to the cranium but gave task to Weaver to treat it
o She deduced it as three separate ways → 3 vertebrae
o Had all the talks with still
o Sutherland is Weaver’s assistant; Sutherland never talked to Still
o Her first article was presented in 1935 to osteopathic association
o Presented in 1936
o Publishing 13 articles up to 1938

85
Q

William Sutherland

A

o Published a book in 1939 and took all the credit
o Never had a private convo with Still
o Weaver’s assistant; stole everything from Weaver

86
Q

Viola Fryman

A

o Born in 1921
o Dedicated her life to cranial
o Advanced it, works with children
o 1949 graduate of osteopathic physicians and surgeons of Los Angeles
o still alive
o story that she used to pay a pianist to come every day to play for the children who went to her clinic

87
Q

What happens if there is no drainage? Why?

A
  • Disease

- Stagnation

88
Q

Lovett’s Law

A

A spinal segment at the bottom of the spine will have a correlated effect at the top of the spine

89
Q

Types of collagen

A

+/- 15

90
Q

Most abundant type of collagen

A

Type 1

91
Q

Name the six key myofascial diaphragms

A 
o	Pelvic
o	Oral (Hyoid)
o	Abdominal
o	Respiratory 
o	STA
o	Cerebellar
o	Falx

Osteopathy (3 decks)

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