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OFS3 > Olfactory system and amydala > Flashcards

Olfactory system and amydala Flashcards

1
Q

how is olfaction mediated?

A

mediated by receptors contained in olfactory epithelium which project directly to telencephalon.

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2
Q

are olfactory neurons replaced threw life? if so, why?

A

Olfactory neurons replaced through life–>use large number of G protein -coupled receptor proteins able to detect wide range of odors.

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3
Q

how do we smell an odorant?

A

ODORANT

  • -> ODORANT BINDING PROTEIN (in mucus water film)
  • ->STIMULATION OF CHEMOSENSITIVE CILIA
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4
Q

what forms Cranial nerve 1?

A

axons of olfactory receptor neurons

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5
Q

what forms the olfactory fila?

A

unmielinated axons of olfactory receptors

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6
Q

what happens to the olfactory fila?

A

pass through holes of cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

–> end in olfactory bulb.

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7
Q

what are mitral cells?

A

Specialized neurons in olfactory bulb

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8
Q

what do mitral cells form?

A

form apical dendrites that receive synaptic contact from axons of primary sensory cells.

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9
Q

dendrites + synapsis make up ________

A

olfactory glomeruli.

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10
Q

axons of mitral cells form _______

A

olfactory tract.

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11
Q

the olfactory bulb also contains interneurons, what are they called?

A

granule cells + tufted cells

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12
Q

what are granule cells + tufted cells, and what do they do?

A

smaller than mitral cells, also send their dendrites into glomeruli + their axons into olfactory tract

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13
Q

what is the main projection pathway?

A

LATERAL OLFACTORY TRACT, ending in UNCUS

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14
Q

Axons of mitral cells send collaterals to the ______

A

anterior olfactory nucleus

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15
Q

after axons of mitral cells send collaterals to anterior olfactory nucleus : __________________________

A

within olfactory tract –> fibers from anterior olfactory nucleus project back to both olfactory bulbs.

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16
Q

Some fibers from anterior olfactory nucleus ________

A

end in anterior perforated substance (olfactory tubercle).

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17
Q

what does the olfactory bulb directly project to?

A

olfactory cortex, bypassing thalamus (before reaching the cerebral cortex)

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18
Q

what is the olfactory cortex?

A

a group of structures defined by connectivity, namely, structures that receive axons from the olfactory bulb

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19
Q

what does the olfactory cortex contain?

A

piriform cortex= cortex adjacent to lateral olfactory tract
periamygdaloid cortex= cortex covering part of amygdala.
anterior part of parahippocampal gyrus.

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20
Q

Cortixes which are part of the primary olfactory cortex project into 2 structures, which ones?

A

limbic structure : hypothalamus, amygdala, hippothalamus
Thalamus (dorsomedian nucleus): involved in pathway from olfactory bulb to olfactory association areas. (posterior part of frontal lobe orbital surface)

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21
Q

what is the amygdala?

A

a collection of nuclei

22
Q

where is the amygdala?

A

beneath uncus of temporal lobe, at the anterior end of hippocampal formation, inferior horn of lateral ventricle

23
Q

what does the amaygdala do?

A

merges with periamygdaloid cortex, which forms part of surface of uncus.

24
Q

what processes is the amygdala involved in?

A

involved in emotional behaviors.

plays a critical role in linking external stimuli to defense responses.

25
Q

what does the electrical stimulation of amygdala in humans lead to?

A

feelings of fear + apprehension.

26
Q

What does fear conditioning in humans results in?

A

increased blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in amygdala

27
Q

how is the amygdala usually assessed?

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

28
Q

Recognition of emotional expression in faces involves ______

A

the amygdala

29
Q

Amygdala nuclei are divided into 3 groups:

A

o deep or basolateral group
o superficial or cortical-like group
o centro-medial group

30
Q

what does the centro-medial group of nuclei include?

A

medial + central nuclei.

31
Q

what does the superficial or cortical-like group group of nuclei include?

A

includes cortical nuclei, nucleus of lateral olfactory tract;

32
Q

what does the deep or basolateral group group of nuclei include?

A

includes lateral nucleus, basal nucleus, accessory basal nucleus;

33
Q

a separate set of nuclei that do not easily fall into any of these 3 groups is listed separately:

A

intercalated cell masses + amygdalo-hippocampal area.

34
Q

different nuclei of the amygdala divided into

A 
into imput nuclei (receiving information)
output nuclei (sending efferet)
35
Q

what is the basolateral group?

A

an input group

36
Q

What is the lateral nucleus (LA) typically viewed as?

A

as sensory interface of amygdala + key site of plasticity

37
Q

convergence of inputs is important in the amydala, why?

A

allows the generation of learned emotional responses to a variety of situations

38
Q

Sensitive information from different parts of central nervous system arrives to the amygdala from: (4)

A

Thalamus:
Sensory Cortex:
Hippocampus
Others

39
Q

How does the aygdala receive information from the hippocampus?

A

(receives visual information fromV4, involved in object/face recognition pathway-V5, link in movement recognition pathway

40
Q

How does the amygdala receive information from other structures?

A

Inferior colliculus, Coeruleus nucleus, Solitary nucleus, Spinal cord , Association cortical areas including: orbital prefrontal cortex (negative drive…), insula (emotional evaluation of pain), Basal nuleus of Meynert: cholinergic projection of nucleus facilitates cortical activity in context situations having negative valence –> all pass through BASO-LATERAL NUCLEI

41
Q

How does the amygdala receive information from the thalamus?

A

(rapid and crude) (Lateral geniculate nucleus, Medial geniculate nucleus, VPL)

42
Q

what does the amygdala project to?

A

cerebral cortex + hypothalamus

43
Q

what is the output nucleus of the amygdala

A

CENTRAL NUCLEUS –> receives direct + indirect projections from LA (lateral nucleus)

44
Q

amygdala makes extensive connections with brain stem areas involved in _____________

A

the control of emotional responses

45
Q

the amygdala also projects to the _________

A

NUCLEUS BASALIS, which projects widely to cortical areas.

46
Q

cholinergic projections from nucleus basalis to cortex have been implicated in _______

A

cortical arousal.

47
Q

what is the stria terminalis?

A

C-shaped bundle travelling within thalamo-striate groove

48
Q

what does the stria terminalis do?

A

it separates the caudate nucleus + thalamus conveying efferent fibres from the amygdala to septal area + hypothalamus.

49
Q

what is the ventral amygdalofugal pathway?

A

Bundle of fibres running transversely in basal forebrain + connecting amygdala with hypothalamus, thalamus, brainstem.

50
Q

what does the PFC do?

A

o governs executive control of information processing + behavioral expression, including ability to selectively attend + maintain information
o inhibits irrelevant stimuli + impulses
o evaluates + selects appropriate response

51
Q

From the central nucleus, there are 2 pathways the information can take. What are their names?

A
  • Ventral amygdalofugal pathway

* Stria terminalis

OFS3 (15 decks)

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