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OFS3 > hippocampus, limbic lobe, limbic system > Flashcards

hippocampus, limbic lobe, limbic system Flashcards

1
Q

location of hippocampus

A

borders inferior horns of lateral ventricles

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2
Q

what is the hippocampus

A

cortical structure

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3
Q

what is the hippocampal formation

A 
group of brain areas consisting of 
the dentate gyrus 
cornu ammonis (CA1, CA2, CA2)
subiculum
presubiculum
parasubiculum
entorhinal cortex
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4
Q

which 2 structures are 3 layered structures?

A

cornu ammonis + dentate gyrus

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5
Q

what does the intermediate layer of the 3 layered structure contain?

A

CA: pyramidal neurons
DG: granule neurons

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6
Q

what is the subiculum

A

zone of transition between hippocampus proper and parahippocampal cortex

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7
Q

what is the specificity of the subiculum

A

changes gradually from 3 layers to 6 layers

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8
Q

what is the specificity of the cornu ammonis?

A

it is divided into 3 regions and it contains pyramidal cells

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9
Q

what is the specificity of the dentate gyrus?

A

it contains granules

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10
Q

what is the intrinsic circuitry of the hippocampus?

A

it is a trisynaptic circuit

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11
Q

what is the alveus?

A

hippocampal equivalant of subcortical white matter

sort of shell

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12
Q

where is the alveus

A

under ependimal cells lining the ventricle

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13
Q

what does the alveus contain?

A

afferents + efferents from the hippocampus grouped in bundles called fimbriae of hippocampus at the superior surface of the hippocampus

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14
Q

what is the fornix

A

it is a prominent output pathway from the hippocampus

bundle of fibers connecting the hippocampus to the mamillary bodies

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15
Q

where does the fornix orgininate from?

A

originates from the alveus which in turn gives rise to fimbria

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16
Q

what happens when the hippocampus ends near the splenium ?

A

fimbia become detached bundles called crus or leg of fornix–> they then travel forward at the inferior edge of the septum pellucidum–>towards the monro foramen–> the fornix then turns inferiorly + posteriorly –> diverges into columns of fornix –> pass through hypothalamus towards mamillary bodies

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17
Q

what is the entorhinal cortex?

A

the principle source of input to the hippocampus

through its connections, hippocampus has access virtually to all types of sensory information

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18
Q

what is the papez circuit?

A

involved in memory and learning

related to post commissural fornix

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19
Q

What is the case of H.M. by Brenda Milne?

A

hipocampal formation, amygdala, part of multimodal association area of temporal cortex removed bilaterally
no seizures but anterograde amnesia: no recall of newly aquired info for more than a few minutes

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20
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

part of the CNS, controls emotional behaviour and emotional drive

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21
Q

what is the organisation of the limbic system ?

A

organized in 3 levels:
the hypothalamic level
the rhinencephallon level
the cortical level

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22
Q

what is the hypothalamic level?

A

oldest level repsonsible for self preservation, organises automatic responses in body related to viscera

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23
Q

what is the rhinencephalon level ?

A

it includes the olphactory system + amygdala

it helps with the comprehensive analysis of odors

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24
Q

where is the limbic system located

A

on both sides of the thalamus, just underneath the temporal lobe of the cerebrum

25
where is the limbic system located
on both sides of the thalamus, just underneath the temporal lobe of the cerebrum
26
where is the amygdala located?
in the temporal lobes
27
what is the limbic lobe ?
kind of border around the brain stem, most recent from evolutionary perspective
28
what are the boundaries of the hypothalamus ?
sup: hypothalamic sulcus which separates it from the thalamus inf: optic chiasm, tuber cinerum and mammillary bodies ant: lamina terminalis post: tementum of bidbrain med: 3rd ventricle lat: internal capsule
29
what are the anterior regions of the hypothalamus responsible for ?
control of temp. + parasympathetic system
30
what are the posterior regions of the hypothalamus responsibl for ?
controling the sympathetic nervous system
31
what are the boundaries of the hypothalamus ?
sup: hypothalamic sulcus which separates it from the thalamus inf: optic chiasm, tuber cinerum and mammillary bodies ant: lamina terminalis post: tementum of bidbrain med: 3rd ventricle lat: internal capsule
32
Which are the 3 main limbic afferents ?
the septal nuclei hippocampus amygdala
33
in the hippocampus, where do afferents pass?
they pass through the fornix and reach mamillary bodies
34
in the septal nuceli, where do afferents pass?
through the middle forbrain bundle which pass through the lateral portion of the hypothlamus and extend into the brainstem tegmentum
35
where are the septal nuclei located ?
adjacent to the septum pellucidum
36
where and what is the brainstem tegmentum ?
bidirectional bundle which also contains afferents form the brainstem to the hypothalamus and hypothalamic efferents
37
in the amygdala, where do afferents pass?
through the stria terminalis ( curved fiber bundle which acompanies the caudate nucleus) under the lenticular nucleus directly reaching the hypothalamus
38
what are the 8 main hypothalamic functions ?
``` temp. reg control of autonomic centers control of rage and fear (mood) sexual arousal control of water intake control of food intake sleep wake cycle memory ```
39
how is the temperature regulated by the hypothalamus?
preoptic nucleus (anterior) contains thermosensitive neurons --> they respond to changes in core temp. of the body --> activity under influence of peripheral information coming from spinoreticular tract --> elevation of temperature correted by projections from posterior hypothalamus to sympathetic nervous system.
40
what controls rage and fear in the hypothalamus ?
lateral and ventromedial nuclei (tuberal region)
41
what parts of the hypothalamus controls water intake?
zona incerta
42
how does the hypothalamus control the sleep-wake cycle ?
via 2 pathways: suprachiasmatic nucleus tuberomammillary nucelus
43
how does the suprachiasmatic nucleus work?
tiny nucleus embeded in upper surface of optic chiasm receive direct impot from retina--> participates in setting normal cycle through connections with the pineal gland
44
how does the tuberomammillary nucleus work?
projects to cortex and brainstem--> activated during awake state by peptide OREXIN--> lesions cause hypersomnelance
45
how does the hypothalamus control memory?
Mammillary bodies belong to Paez circuit involving the hippocampus, fornix, mammillpthalamic tract
46
how does the hypothalamus control food intake ?
lateral + ventromedial nuclei constitute the appetite set point. Lateral hypothalamic nuclei host feeding center --> stimulates eating ventromedial inhibits uge to eat
47
how does the hypothalamus regulate sexual arousal?
medial part of
48
how does the hypothalamus regulate sexual arousal?
medial part of preoptic nucelus (anterior) shows high level of androgen receptors (males). some neurons of ventromedial (tuberal) nucelus show high levels of estroge receptors (females)
49
where do all sensory afferents form retinal ganglion cells go to ?
suprachiasmatic nucleus
50
how do hypothalamic outputs largely reciprocate inputs?
same fiber bundles used
51
what are the 2 main efferent tracts?
mamillothalamic tract | mamillotegmental tract
52
what is the course of the mammillothalamic tracts?
from mammillary bodies to anterior nucleus of the thalamus
53
what is the course of the mammillotegmental tract?
branches from mammillothalamic tract + others reach bidbrain reticular formation
54
how is the hypothalamus directly responsive to physical stimulus?
hypothalamus contains intrinsic sensory neurons
55
there are direct projections from the cerebral cortex, what do they go through?
medial prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe insula throughmedial forbrain bundle
56
what is the medial forbrain bundle
fibers runnning longitudinally through lateral hypothalamus --> reach basal forbrain + brainstem tegmentum
57
what does the medial forbrain bundle do ?
it interconnects the hypothalamus with the basal forbrain + brainstem tegmentum it conveys aminergic fibers from the brainstem to widespread cortical areas
58
what does the medial forbrain bundle do ?
it interconnects the hypothalamus with the basal forbrain + brainstem tegmentum it conveys aminergic fibers from the brainstem to widespread cortical areas
59
what do the brainstem and the spinal chord do?
they convey visceral + somatic information relevant to the homeostatic role of the hypothalamus

OFS3 (15 decks)

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