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OFS3 > hippocampus, limbic lobe, limbic system > Flashcards

hippocampus, limbic lobe, limbic system Flashcards

1
Q

location of hippocampus

A

borders inferior horns of lateral ventricles

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2
Q

what is the hippocampus

A

cortical structure

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3
Q

what is the hippocampal formation

A 
group of brain areas consisting of 
the dentate gyrus 
cornu ammonis (CA1, CA2, CA2)
subiculum
presubiculum
parasubiculum
entorhinal cortex
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4
Q

which 2 structures are 3 layered structures?

A

cornu ammonis + dentate gyrus

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5
Q

what does the intermediate layer of the 3 layered structure contain?

A

CA: pyramidal neurons
DG: granule neurons

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6
Q

what is the subiculum

A

zone of transition between hippocampus proper and parahippocampal cortex

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7
Q

what is the specificity of the subiculum

A

changes gradually from 3 layers to 6 layers

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8
Q

what is the specificity of the cornu ammonis?

A

it is divided into 3 regions and it contains pyramidal cells

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9
Q

what is the specificity of the dentate gyrus?

A

it contains granules

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10
Q

what is the intrinsic circuitry of the hippocampus?

A

it is a trisynaptic circuit

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11
Q

what is the alveus?

A

hippocampal equivalant of subcortical white matter

sort of shell

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12
Q

where is the alveus

A

under ependimal cells lining the ventricle

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13
Q

what does the alveus contain?

A

afferents + efferents from the hippocampus grouped in bundles called fimbriae of hippocampus at the superior surface of the hippocampus

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14
Q

what is the fornix

A

it is a prominent output pathway from the hippocampus

bundle of fibers connecting the hippocampus to the mamillary bodies

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15
Q

where does the fornix orgininate from?

A

originates from the alveus which in turn gives rise to fimbria

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16
Q

what happens when the hippocampus ends near the splenium ?

A

fimbia become detached bundles called crus or leg of fornix–> they then travel forward at the inferior edge of the septum pellucidum–>towards the monro foramen–> the fornix then turns inferiorly + posteriorly –> diverges into columns of fornix –> pass through hypothalamus towards mamillary bodies

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17
Q

what is the entorhinal cortex?

A

the principle source of input to the hippocampus

through its connections, hippocampus has access virtually to all types of sensory information

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18
Q

what is the papez circuit?

A

involved in memory and learning

related to post commissural fornix

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19
Q

What is the case of H.M. by Brenda Milne?

A

hipocampal formation, amygdala, part of multimodal association area of temporal cortex removed bilaterally
no seizures but anterograde amnesia: no recall of newly aquired info for more than a few minutes

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20
Q

what is the limbic system?

A

part of the CNS, controls emotional behaviour and emotional drive

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21
Q

what is the organisation of the limbic system ?

A

organized in 3 levels:
the hypothalamic level
the rhinencephallon level
the cortical level

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22
Q

what is the hypothalamic level?

A

oldest level repsonsible for self preservation, organises automatic responses in body related to viscera

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23
Q

what is the rhinencephalon level ?

A

it includes the olphactory system + amygdala

it helps with the comprehensive analysis of odors

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24
Q

where is the limbic system located

A

on both sides of the thalamus, just underneath the temporal lobe of the cerebrum

25
Q

where is the limbic system located

A

on both sides of the thalamus, just underneath the temporal lobe of the cerebrum

26
Q

where is the amygdala located?

A

in the temporal lobes

27
Q

what is the limbic lobe ?

A

kind of border around the brain stem, most recent from evolutionary perspective

28
Q

what are the boundaries of the hypothalamus ?

A

sup: hypothalamic sulcus which separates it from the thalamus
inf: optic chiasm, tuber cinerum and mammillary bodies
ant: lamina terminalis
post: tementum of bidbrain
med: 3rd ventricle
lat: internal capsule

29
Q

what are the anterior regions of the hypothalamus responsible for ?

A

control of temp. + parasympathetic system

30
Q

what are the posterior regions of the hypothalamus responsibl for ?

A

controling the sympathetic nervous system

31
Q

what are the boundaries of the hypothalamus ?

A

sup: hypothalamic sulcus which separates it from the thalamus
inf: optic chiasm, tuber cinerum and mammillary bodies
ant: lamina terminalis
post: tementum of bidbrain
med: 3rd ventricle
lat: internal capsule

32
Q

Which are the 3 main limbic afferents ?

A

the septal nuclei
hippocampus
amygdala

33
Q

in the hippocampus, where do afferents pass?

A

they pass through the fornix and reach mamillary bodies

34
Q

in the septal nuceli, where do afferents pass?

A

through the middle forbrain bundle which pass through the lateral portion of the hypothlamus and extend into the brainstem tegmentum

35
Q

where are the septal nuclei located ?

A

adjacent to the septum pellucidum

36
Q

where and what is the brainstem tegmentum ?

A

bidirectional bundle which also contains afferents form the brainstem to the hypothalamus and hypothalamic efferents

37
Q

in the amygdala, where do afferents pass?

A

through the stria terminalis ( curved fiber bundle which acompanies the caudate nucleus)
under the lenticular nucleus directly reaching the hypothalamus

38
Q

what are the 8 main hypothalamic functions ?

A 
temp. reg
control of autonomic centers 
control of rage and fear (mood)
sexual arousal 
control of water intake 
control of food intake 
sleep wake cycle 
memory
39
Q

how is the temperature regulated by the hypothalamus?

A

preoptic nucleus (anterior) contains thermosensitive neurons –> they respond to changes in core temp. of the body –> activity under influence of peripheral information coming from spinoreticular tract –> elevation of temperature correted by projections from posterior hypothalamus to sympathetic nervous system.

40
Q

what controls rage and fear in the hypothalamus ?

A

lateral and ventromedial nuclei (tuberal region)

41
Q

what parts of the hypothalamus controls water intake?

A

zona incerta

42
Q

how does the hypothalamus control the sleep-wake cycle ?

A

via 2 pathways:
suprachiasmatic nucleus
tuberomammillary nucelus

43
Q

how does the suprachiasmatic nucleus work?

A

tiny nucleus embeded in upper surface of optic chiasm receive direct impot from retina–> participates in setting normal cycle through connections with the pineal gland

44
Q

how does the tuberomammillary nucleus work?

A

projects to cortex and brainstem–> activated during awake state by peptide OREXIN–> lesions cause hypersomnelance

45
Q

how does the hypothalamus control memory?

A

Mammillary bodies belong to Paez circuit involving the hippocampus, fornix, mammillpthalamic tract

46
Q

how does the hypothalamus control food intake ?

A

lateral + ventromedial nuclei constitute the appetite set point.
Lateral hypothalamic nuclei host feeding center –> stimulates eating
ventromedial inhibits uge to eat

47
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate sexual arousal?

A

medial part of

48
Q

how does the hypothalamus regulate sexual arousal?

A

medial part of preoptic nucelus (anterior) shows high level of androgen receptors (males).
some neurons of ventromedial (tuberal) nucelus show high levels of estroge receptors (females)

49
Q

where do all sensory afferents form retinal ganglion cells go to ?

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus

50
Q

how do hypothalamic outputs largely reciprocate inputs?

A

same fiber bundles used

51
Q

what are the 2 main efferent tracts?

A

mamillothalamic tract

mamillotegmental tract

52
Q

what is the course of the mammillothalamic tracts?

A

from mammillary bodies to anterior nucleus of the thalamus

53
Q

what is the course of the mammillotegmental tract?

A

branches from mammillothalamic tract + others reach bidbrain reticular formation

54
Q

how is the hypothalamus directly responsive to physical stimulus?

A

hypothalamus contains intrinsic sensory neurons

55
Q

there are direct projections from the cerebral cortex, what do they go through?

A

medial prefrontal cortex of frontal lobe insula throughmedial forbrain bundle

56
Q

what is the medial forbrain bundle

A

fibers runnning longitudinally through lateral hypothalamus –> reach basal forbrain + brainstem tegmentum

57
Q

what does the medial forbrain bundle do ?

A

it interconnects the hypothalamus with the basal forbrain + brainstem tegmentum
it conveys aminergic fibers from the brainstem to widespread cortical areas

58
Q

what does the medial forbrain bundle do ?

A

it interconnects the hypothalamus with the basal forbrain + brainstem tegmentum
it conveys aminergic fibers from the brainstem to widespread cortical areas

59
Q

what do the brainstem and the spinal chord do?

A

they convey visceral + somatic information relevant to the homeostatic role of the hypothalamus

OFS3 (15 decks)

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