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Neuroanatomy SP15 > Olfactory and Visual System > Flashcards

Olfactory and Visual System Flashcards

1
Q

what detects odorants vs. irritants?

A

CN V is irritants (like amonia) and CN I is olfaction

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2
Q

what is olfactory epithelium?

A
  • patch in the roof of the nasal cavity, bilateral, that is the peripheral origin of the olfactory system
  • contains 3 million receptor cells, bowmans gland ducts and irritant sensory endings (CN V)
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3
Q

explain the olfactory receptor

A

bipolar neuron thats dendrites end in cilia in the bowman’s glands. Cilia are stimulated by odorants. axons collect in a series of bundles and go through the cribiform plate of the ethmoid bone (end in olfactory bulb)

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4
Q

what makes up cranial nerve I?

A

olfactory filia going through the cribiform plate (axons)

** olfac bulb and tract are CNS

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5
Q

what makes up the olfactory bulb and tract?

A

tufted cells and mitral cells

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6
Q

where does the tract lie on the brain?

A

in the gyrus rectus

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7
Q

explain how the olfactory receptors sort themselves

A

they each send their axons to one glomerulus of a mitral cell that that receptor was sensitive for

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8
Q

what is the anterior olfactory nucleus?

A
  • a raised bulb in the olfactory tract thought to regulate sensitivity
  • regulates the fibers of both bulbs by crossing to the other through the anterior commisure
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9
Q

what is the anterior olfactory nucleus?

A
  • a raised bulb in the olfactory tract thought to regulate sensitivity
  • regulates the fibers of both bulbs by crossing to the other through the anterior commisure
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10
Q

where do olfactory fibers project?

A

in the olfactory tubercle, but most go laterally to the medial temporal lobe

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11
Q

what are the “two general areas” that the olfactory bulb projects

A
  1. primary olfac cortex (piriform cortex, periamygdaloid cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus
  2. amygdala
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12
Q

the information from the olfactory cortex is sent to..

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, orbital cortex and olfac association cortex (frontal lobe and anterior insulae)
**thalamus relays to association cortex

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13
Q

the information from the olfactory cortex is sent to..

A

hypothalamus, thalamus, hippocampus, orbital cortex and olfac association cortex (frontal lobe and anterior insulae)
**thalamus relays to association cortex

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14
Q

what are the retina and sclera continuous with?

A

retina - diencephalon and sclera - brain dura

**CNS

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15
Q

how do you focus light on the retina?

A

refraction of light

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16
Q

what contributes to the eyes refractive property?

A

lens (30 %) and most refraction is at the corneal surface (air-water interface)

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17
Q

what does the iris do?

A

affects the brightness and quality of the image focused on the retina

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18
Q

pupillary sphincter

A

** parasym

smaller pupil improves performance with small aperature

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19
Q

pupillary dilator

A

**symp

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20
Q

explain retina structure

A

-light passes through all of the layers to hit the rods and cones layer and then goes through amacrine cells and horizontal cells that spread laterally to terminate on ganglion cells (where light first hit) to leave the retinal layer and go to processing

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21
Q

where do thy synapses occur in the retinal layer?

A

in the interposed layers

22
Q

rods

A

contain the visual protein rhodopsin, low acuity, monochromatic vision in the dark

23
Q

cones

A

cone pigment, high-acuity, color vision, needs light

24
Q

visual pigment synthesize and transport

A

happens near the inner segment and travels up the stalk to the disk membrane where older disks are phagocytosed by pigment epithelium
**if no cell death then retinal degeneration and blindness

25
Q

what is the area of highest visual acuity?

A

the fovea

**where VOR centers on

26
Q

what is the area of highest visual acuity?

A

the fovea

**where VOR centers on

27
Q

explain the optic pathway

A

ganglion cell axons up the optic nerve to the chiasm to the tract to the lateral geniculate in thalamus (or superior colliculus of hypothalamus)
-from LGN to the primary visual cortex (striate)

28
Q

how do we get depth perception?

A

BOTH RETINAS help to compare and get depth perception as well as the fact that our eyes are faced inwards

29
Q

structure of LGN

A

6-layers renotopically organized

  • each layer gets input from one eye, pattern in the same layer so any point in the visual field is represented 6 times
  • 1,4,6 ipsalteral eye and 2,3,5 contralateral
30
Q

what are the parvocellular layers?

A

3-6 in the LGN used for color and form

31
Q

what are the magnocellular layers?

A

1-2 in the LGN for movement and contrast

32
Q

where is the macula vs. the peripheral visual field located on the occipital lobe?

A

macula is posteriorly and periphery is more anterior towards parietal lobes
**Dr. Tatsuji found this based on gun shots to the head and what vision was lost

33
Q

where is the macula vs. the peripheral visual field located on the occipital lobe?

A

macula is posteriorly and periphery is more anterior towards parietal lobes
**Dr. Tatsuji found this based on gun shots to the head and what vision was lost

34
Q

explain occipital lobe in terms of vision

A

line of gennari is a strip on mylein in the primary visual cortex (also known as striate) that parallels the calcarine sulcus, surrounded by 18, which is surrounded by 19 which are both part of the extrastiate (or association visual cortex)

35
Q

how are visual defects named?

A

based on the visual field, not the retina

36
Q

anopia/anopsia

A

one or more quadrants lost in vision

37
Q

hemianopia

A

loss of half of the visual field

38
Q

quadrantanopia

A

loss of a quarter of the visual field

39
Q

homonymous

A

same visual field lost in each eye

40
Q

heteronymous

A

two eyes have non-overalpping visual field loss

congrous: identical
noncongruous: overlapping, but not the same

41
Q

deficit if damage anterior to the chiasm

A

ipsalateral eye blindness

42
Q

deficit if damage to the chiasm

A

bilateral heteronymous hemianopia

43
Q

deficit if ICA impinges?

A

nasal hemianopia

44
Q

deficit if temporal lobe lesion

A

-meyers loop affected, inferior retinal quadrants

contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia (macula sparing)

45
Q

deficit if posterior cerebral artery infarction

A

-sparing macula because normally MCA wraps around and gets brain portion of macula(based on person though)
contralateral homonymous hemianopia

46
Q

what would happen if there was a lesion in the optic nerve, how would it afffect the pupillary reflex?

A

in affected eye, no constriction, but in unaffected eye both eyes constrict because the bilateral processing not affected

47
Q

how would either a lesion in optic radiations (LGN to primary visual cortex) or lesion in the visual cortex affect the pupillary reflex?

A

unaffected

48
Q

how would either a lesion in optic radiations (LGN to primary visual cortex) or lesion in the visual cortex affect the pupillary reflex?

A

unaffected

**even cortically blind people constrict eyes

49
Q

where in the hypothalamus does visual information project?

A

the suprachiasmatic nucleus to master circadian rhythm

50
Q

how does the cortex process vision?

A

parellel processing to striate and extrastriate

51
Q

cortical modules

A

striate is arranged in repeating modules that contain columns that contain discrete info from the visual field (to each column)
-modules in fovea analyze smaller areas of the visual field, so more, smaller modules and in the periphery the modules are larger and fewer

52
Q

cortical modules

A

striate is arranged in repeating modules that contain columns that contain discrete info from the visual field (to each column)
-modules in fovea analyze smaller areas of the visual field, so more, smaller modules (for resolution) and in the periphery the modules are larger and fewer

Neuroanatomy SP15 (6 decks)

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