Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Neuroanatomy SP15 > Forebrain and Limbic System > Flashcards

Forebrain and Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the diencephalon?

A

the epithalamus, subthalamus, thalamus and hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the epithalamus?

A

the pineal gland and habenula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the pineal gland do?

A

secrete melatonin during darkness to regulate sleep and wake cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the inputs and outputs to the habenula?

A

major input is from the stria medullaris (limbic system reward behavior) and major output is the habenulointerpeduncular tract which is important for REM sleep cycles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the subdivisions of the thalamic nuclei?

A

anterior division (AN), medial division (DM) and lateral division which includes the dorsal tier (LD and LP) and ventral tier (VA/VL, VPL, MGN and LGN), intralaminar, reticular and midline nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What separates the subdivisions of the internal medullary lamina

A

the internal medullary lamina (IML)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the 2 thalamic inputs?

A

either specific inputs (direct) or regulatory inputs that receive the specific input information, manipulate it and then send it out (indirect)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the three types of thalamic nuclei?

A

relay, association and intralaminar/midline nuceli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are relay nuclei?

A

thalamic nuclei that receive information from a “tract” and send it to a specific spot on the cortex
ex. (ML to VPL to specific spot on cortex to VPL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are association nuclei?

A

thalamic nuclei that come from a specific spot on the association cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what are intralaminar/midline nuclei?

A

receive distinct information from things that are not a tract or the cortex

ex. (basal ganglia or limbic structures)
- project to cortex, basal ganglia and limbic structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Thalamic nuclei all consist of either…

A

projection neurons or interneurons (inhibitory)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are reticular nuclei?

A

important source of regulatory input to the thalamus. No projections to the cortex, the cortex and thalamus send collaterals to the reticular nuclei. They are inhibitory axons to the thalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the medial geniculate nucleus?

A

relay nucleus for hearing (auditory cortex projections)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

relay nucleus for vision (primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the function of the ventral posterior medial nucleus?

A

sensory relay nucleus for the face (trigeminal nerve information)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the function of the ventral posterior lateral nucleus?

A

sensory relay nucleus for the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of the ventral anterior/lateral nucleus?

A

motor relay nucelus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the function of the anterior nucleus?

A

relay nucleus for the limbic system (hippocampal information)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is the function of the intralaminar nucleus?

A

component of the reticular activating system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Most of the thalamus is made up of?

A

association nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the two main association nuclei of the thalamus, where do they project and what is the areas function?

A
  1. the dorsomedial (DM) projects to the prefrontal cerebrum which controls foresight
  2. The Pulvinar-LP complex which projects to the very large parietal-occipital temporal region which activity is unknown but may be for visual perception and attention
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does the internal capsule do?

A

its a passageway for all the fibers from the thalamus to reach the cortex and the cortex to reach the thalamus
-forms the cerebral peduncle which the corticospinal, bulbar and pontine fibers descend

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the 5 parts of the internal capsule and their relationship to the lenticular nucleus?

A

anterior limb: between caudate and lent nuc
posterior limb: btwn thalamus and lent nuc
genu: btwn ant. and post. limb
retrolenticular: behind the lent nuc
sublenticular: beneath the lent nuc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

clinically, what limb of the internal capsule is the most important?

A

posterior, strokes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

clinically, what limb of the internal capsule is the most important?

A

posterior, strokes

27
Q

if the anterior, posterior or retrolenticular parts of the internal capsule undergo a stroke, what are the clinical correlations of each?

A

anterior limb - may have personality disorders if bilateral
posterior limb - motor, sensory contralateral disorders (after the split)
retrolenticular - auditory or inferior visual field loss is damage is bilateral

28
Q

if the anterior, posterior or retrolenticular parts of the internal capsule undergo a stroke, what are the clinical correlations of each?

A

anterior limb - may have personality disorders if bilateral
posterior limb - motor, sensory contralateral disorders (after the split)
retrolenticular - auditory or inferior visual field loss is damage is bilateral

29
Q

what are the parts of the limbic system?

A

cingulate and parahippocampal gyrus (limbic lobe), sometimes amygdala and hippocampus but the hypothalamus and cerebral cortex connect the autonomic responses to the environmental changes

30
Q

what does the limbic system do?

A

generates feelings and emotions

-thought to promote survival

31
Q

what does the limbic system do?

A

generates feelings and emotions

-thought to promote survival

32
Q

what are the 3 main connections that the hypothalamus has?

A

1) interconnected with the limbic system
2) output to the pituitary gland
3) interconnects visceral/somatic nuclei (aka autonomic NS to reactions)

33
Q

what are the 3 main connections that the hypothalamus has?

A

1) interconnected with the limbic system
2) output to the pituitary gland
3) interconnects visceral/somatic nuclei (aka autonomic NS to reactions)

34
Q

what are the important boundaries for the hypothalamus?

A

wall of the 3rd ventricle, mammillary body is the posterior border, lamina terminalis is the anterior border and the interthalamic sulcus is the superior border

35
Q

what are the important boundaries for the hypothalamus?

A

wall of the 3rd ventricle, mammillary body is the posterior border, lamina terminalis is the anterior border and the interthalamic sulcus is the superior border

36
Q

what are the important boundaries for the hypothalamus?

A

wall of the 3rd ventricle, mammillary body is the posterior border, lamina terminalis is the anterior border and the interthalamic sulcus is the superior border

37
Q

what are the longitudinal sections of the hypothalamus?

A

posterior region (with mammillary body), tuberal region (with the pituitary gland and stalk) and anterior region

38
Q

what is the medial to lateral organization of the hypothalamus?

A

lateral (RF ends here and medial forebrain bundle passes through), perivent (rostral continuation of the periaqueductal gray and holds the DLF) and medial (nuclei)

39
Q

what is the fornix?

A

-important hippocampal outflow structure

bridges the lateral and medial zones

40
Q

what are the hypothalamic inputs?

A
  • septal nuclei, ventral striatum, insula and orbitofrontal cortex travel down the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
  • hippocampus via the fornix
  • amygdala via either the stria terminalis or ventral amygdalofugal pathway (VAP)
  • and a lot of inputs use the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
41
Q

what are the hypothalamic outputs?

A

outputs are the same as the inputs EXCEPT the fornix is NOT used. The mamilothalamic tract is to get to the anterior nucleus

42
Q

what are the hypothalamic outputs?

A

outputs are the same as the inputs EXCEPT the fornix is NOT used. The mamilothalamic tract is to get to the anterior nucleus

43
Q

hows does the hypothalamus control both the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis? (pituitary gland)

A
  • the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei release vasopressin and oxytocin to be released by the posterior pituitary gland into the portal system
  • the ant. pituitary gland is controlled by the release of adeno releasing hormones
44
Q

hows does the hypothalamus control both the neurohypophysis and adenohypophysis? (pituitary gland)

A
  • the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei release vasopressin and oxytocin to be released by the posterior pituitary gland into the portal system
  • the ant. pituitary gland is controlled by the release of adeno releasing hormones
45
Q

what is the amygdala vs. the hippocampus involved in?

A

the amygdala is more emotional responses whereas the hippocampus is more learning and memory

46
Q

what portion of the brain does the amygdala control and how does it travel to the neocortex?

A

ventromedial prefrontal, anterior temporal and insular cortex and travels by way of the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus

47
Q

what portion of the brain does the hippocampus control and how does it travel to the neocortex?

A

posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex by way of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and mammillary bodies

48
Q

what portion of the brain does the hippocampus control and how does it travel to the neocortex?

A

posterior cingulate and parahippocampal cortex by way of the anterior nucleus of the thalamus and mammillary bodies

49
Q

what does the amygdala merge with on the uncal surface?

A

periamygdaloid surface

50
Q

what are the nuclear groups that make up the amygdala?

A

medial (olfaction) central (emotional response) and basolateral (emotional response)
**control emotional response in different ways

51
Q

what are the nuclear groups that make up the amygdala?

A

medial (olfaction) central (emotional response) and basolateral (emotional response)
**control emotional response in different ways

52
Q

inputs to the amygdala can be described as a feeling of…

A

discomfort (emotional tone)

53
Q

inputs to the amygdala can be described as a feeling of…

A

discomfort (emotional tone)

54
Q

what are the 4 input routes for the amygdala?

A

stria terminalis ( from hypothalamus)
ventral amygdalofugal (from hypothalamus)
lateral olfactory tract (olfac bulb and cortex)
and directly from the temporal lobe b/c direct association (sensory info)

55
Q

describe the limbic loop in the basal ganglia

A

limbic system to ventral striatum to globus pallidus to the thalamus and back to limbic system

  • controls drive-related info to influence movement and behavior
  • dopamine release from ventral striatum
  • *reward seeking
56
Q

what is the ventral striatum

A
  • fusal of the caudate and putamen

* *reward seeking

57
Q

what is the amygdala vs. the hippocampus involved in?

A

the amygdala is more perception and change of emotional responses whereas the hippocampus is more learning and memory

58
Q

what is the ventral striatum

A
  • fusal of the caudate and putamen

* *reward seeking

59
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A
  • bilateral temporal lobe injury involving the amygdala

- fearless, males hypersexual, sniff and examine orally and visual agnosia symptoms

60
Q

what are the nuclear groups that make up the amygdala?

A

medial (olfaction) central (emotional response to hypothalamus) and basolateral (emotional response to neocortex)
**control emotional response in different ways

61
Q

Kluver-Bucy syndrome

A
  • bilateral temporal lobe injury involving the amygdala

- fearless, males hypersexual, sniff and examine orally and visual agnosia symptoms

62
Q

explain the path for hippocampal inflow and outflow

A

information goes into the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus (inflow)
the outflow pathway goes from the subiculum to blanket the coil of the hippocampus called the alveus then to fibriaw to crus to body of the fornix to the columns which end in the hypothalamus above the anterior commisure

63
Q

explain the path for hippocampal inflow and outflow

A

information goes into the entorhinal cortex to the hippocampus (inflow)
the outflow pathway goes from the subiculum to blanket the coil of the hippocampus called the alveus then to fibriaw to crus to body of the fornix to the columns which end in the hypothalamus above the anterior commisure

64
Q

what are the sections of the hippocampus?

A

3 distinct zones with 2 c’s

  1. dentate nucleus (c)
  2. hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis) (c)
  3. subiculum

Neuroanatomy SP15 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions