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Neuroanatomy SP15 > Basal Ganglia > Flashcards

Basal Ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

striatum refers to what?

A

the caudate and putamen fusing

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2
Q

what is the lenticular nucleus?

A

putamen plus the globus pallidus

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3
Q

what are the segments of the globus pallidus?

A

external and internal segment (sometimes medial and lateral)

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4
Q

what are all the parts of the basal ganglia?

A

striatum, globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra?

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5
Q

what are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra?

A

compact part and reticular part

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6
Q

what are the 2 parts of the substantia nigra?

A

compact part and reticular part

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7
Q

based on location in the cerebrum, what are the functions of the globus pallidus, caudate and putamen?

A

globus pallidus has extensive outputs to the thalamus (closest), caudate is most extensive in the frontal lobe so controls executive function and cognition and the putamen is next to the motor and somatosensory cortex and insula so correlates to motor function

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8
Q

based on location in the cerebrum, what are the functions of the globus pallidus, caudate and putamen?

A

globus pallidus has extensive outputs to the thalamus (closest), caudate is most extensive in the frontal lobe so controls executive function and cognition and the putamen is next to the motor and somatosensory cortex and insula so correlates to motor function

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9
Q

basal ganglia characterized disorders

A
  • hyperkinetic (chorea, athetosis, ballismus)
  • difficulty initiating movement (parkinsons)
  • rigidity everywhere (parkinsons), rigidity in certain locations or floppy state
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10
Q

basal ganglia characterized disorders

A
  • hyperkinetic (chorea, athetosis, ballismus)
  • difficulty initiating movement (parkinsons)
  • rigidity everywhere (parkinsons), rigidity in certain locations or floppy state
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11
Q

what separates the putamen from the external globus pallidus?

A

external medullary lamina

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12
Q

what separates the interna and externa globus pallidus?

A

internal medullary lamina

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13
Q

what separates the interna and externa globus pallidus?

A

internal medullary lamina

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14
Q

what are the 2 largest outflow pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

reticular portion of the substantia nigra and pallidothalamic fibers

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15
Q

what are the 2 largest outflow pathways of the basal ganglia?

A

reticular portion of the substantia nigra and pallidothalamic fibers

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16
Q

compact portion of the substantia nigra?

A
  • densely packed, pigmented

- dopaminergic projections to striatum

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17
Q

reticular portion of the substantia nigra?

A
  • closer to cerebral peduncle (more lateral), no pigment

- basal ganglia output nucleus

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18
Q

what are the 2 largest outflow pathways of the basal ganglia and what do they use?

A

reticular portion of the substantia nigra and pallidothalamic fibers
-inhibitory connections using GABA

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19
Q

reticular portion of the substantia nigra?

A
  • closer to cerebral peduncle (more lateral), no pigment

- basal ganglia output nucleus

20
Q

what are the major input pathways of the basal ganglia and what do they use?

A

cortical afferents to striatum and subthalamus

-excitatory connections use glutamate

21
Q

what are the major input pathways of the basal ganglia and what do they use?

A

cortical afferents to striatum and subthalamus

-excitatory connections use glutamate

22
Q

what is the basal ganglia motor loop?

A

basal ganglia does not influence the motor cortex directly.

-somatosensory/motor cortex to striatum (putamen) to GPi to VA/VL in thalamus

23
Q

what is the basal ganglia motor loop?

A

basal ganglia does not influence the motor cortex directly.

-somatosensory/motor cortex to striatum (putamen) to GPi to VA/VL in thalamus to cortex again

24
Q

what is the basal ganglia motor loop?

A

basal ganglia does not influence the motor cortex directly., affects cortical activity to influence descending motor pathways
-somatosensory/motor cortex to striatum (putamen) to GPi to VA/VL in thalamus to cortex again

25
Q

what is the basal ganglia motor loop?

A

basal ganglia does not influence the motor cortex directly., affects cortical activity to influence descending motor pathways
-somatosensory/motor cortex to striatum (putamen) to GPi to VA/VL in thalamus to cortex again

26
Q

Neurochemical territories in the striatum

A
  • looks uniform in routinely stained sections, but special stains (acetylcholinesterase) show patchy spots which are striosomes
  • unclear how they work together
27
Q

Neurochemical territories in the striatum

A
  • looks uniform in routinely stained sections, but special stains (acetylcholinesterase) show patchy spots which are striosomes
  • unclear how they work together
28
Q

Huntington’s disease

A
  • degeneration of the caudate (more so) and putamen
  • chorea, rigidity and cognitive disturbances
  • autosomal dominant, trinucleotide repeat
  • age of onset is variable depending on the DNA repeats
29
Q

Huntington’s disease

A
  • degeneration of the caudate (more so) and putamen
  • chorea, rigidity and cognitive disturbances
  • autosomal dominant, trinucleotide repeat
  • age of onset is variable depending on the DNA repeats
30
Q

Direct basal ganglia circuitry

A
  1. excitatory corticostriate fibers go through the internal capsule to activate inhibitory fibers in the striatum
  2. the striatum inhibits GP interna (which means less inhibitory output from the Gpi)
  3. so the thalamus is dis-inhibited
  4. the thalamus activates the cortex (through the internal capsule)
    * ***increases cortical output
31
Q

Indirect basal ganglia circuitry

A

same as direct pathway but the striatum inhibits the GP externa, which inhibits the subthalamus, which has an excitatory affect on the GP interna, which has a stronger inhibitory affect on the thalamus
***which leads to decreased cortical input

32
Q

Indirect basal ganglia circuitry

A

same as direct pathway but the striatum inhibits the GP externa, which inhibits the subthalamus, which has an excitatory affect on the GP interna, which has a stronger inhibitory affect on the thalamus
***which leads to decreased cortical input

33
Q

If the subthalamus is damaged what happens?

A
  • less excitatory input to the GPi so less negative inhibition to the thalamus and more cortical output
  • results in involuntary movements and hemiballismus
34
Q

If the subthalamus is damaged what happens?

A
  • less excitatory input to the GPi so less negative inhibition to the thalamus and more cortical output
  • results in involuntary movements and hemiballismus
35
Q

what is hemiballismus?

A
  • dramatic movement disorder (the worst)
  • limb movements are flailing and rotary (knees) and usually affects one side
  • in older patients and usually due to a cerebrovascular accident of the posterior cerebral artery
36
Q

what is hemiballismus?

A
  • dramatic movement disorder (the worst)
  • limb movements are flailing and rotary (knees) and usually affects one side
  • in older patients and usually due to a cerebrovascular accident of the posterior cerebral artery
37
Q

what is substantia nigra role in the basal ganglia?

A

the SNc sends inhibitory OR excitatory inputs to the striatum depending on the receptors in the striatum
-the SNr is much like the GPi as far as inputs and outflow

38
Q

what is substantia nigra role in the basal ganglia?

A

the SNc sends inhibitory OR excitatory inputs to the striatum depending on the receptors in the striatum
-the SNr is much like the GPi as far as inputs and outflow

39
Q

parkinsons disease

A
  • bradykinesia, resting tremor and rigidity

- substantia nigra compact dies off (lewy aggregate bodies)

40
Q

what pathway is favored in parkinsons disease?

A

INDIRECT PATHWAY

41
Q

what pathway is favored in parkinsons disease?

A

INDIRECT PATHWAY

42
Q

explain levodopa treatment for parkinsons

A
  • levodopa is the precursor to dopamine (which you cant administer b/c does not cross that blood-brain barrier
  • once metabolized, mimics that stritonigral pathway
  • bad because can fluctuate over time and must change dosage, which can cause involuntary movements
43
Q

explain levodopa treatment for parkinsons

A
  • levodopa is the precursor to dopamine (which you cant administer b/c does not cross that blood-brain barrier
  • once metabolized, mimics that stritonigral pathway
  • bad because can fluctuate over time and must change dosage, which can cause involuntary movements
44
Q

what are the 2 surgical treatments for parkinsons?

A
  1. pallidotomy to destory GPi so that major inhibition to thalamus is eliminated
  2. thalamotomy to lesion VA/VL of the thalamus
    * *both are deep in the brain near the internal capsule, so risky
45
Q

what is deep brain stimulation?

A

implanting electrodes in the subthalmus to provide long-term stimulation and overcome abnormal activity

46
Q

what is deep brain stimulation?

A

implanting electrodes in the subthalmus to provide long-term stimulation and overcome abnormal activity

47
Q

If you have a tremor on the right hand, which side to you perform a pallidotomy?

A

on the L GPi

-the left basal ganglia controls the left motor cortex which controls the right hand

Neuroanatomy SP15 (6 decks)

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