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GCSE physics > old version Radioactivity > Flashcards

old version Radioactivity Flashcards

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1
Q

Who discovered two types of Radiation

A

Ernest Rutherford

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2
Q

Who were Ernest Rutherford’s workers

A

Hans Geiger and Ernest Marsden

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3
Q

What are the three types of radioactivity?

A

Alpha radiation (α), beta radiation (β) gamma radiation (γ).

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4
Q

What is activity?

A

Activity is the number of decays in 1 second of a source

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5
Q

Which type of radiation is the most penetrating?

A

Gamma radiation.

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6
Q

Why is beta radiation dangerous??

A

Because it has moderate ionising powers and moderate penetrating powers.

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7
Q

Which type of radiation cannot be penetrated by paper?

A

Alpha radiation.

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8
Q

What can ionising in a living cell do?

A

It can damage or kill the cell.

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9
Q

Can beta radiation penetrate paper?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Why are some substances radioactive?

A

Atoms that have an unstable nucleus try to become stable and in the process emit radiation.

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11
Q

Name 2 uses of radiation

A

Any 2 below: 1.Treating cancer 2.Sterilising medical instruments 3.Sterilising food 4.Detecting brain tumours

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12
Q

In Alpha and Beta decay what changes in the nucleus?

A

The number of protons.

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13
Q

Where is most of an atom’s mass located?

A

The small, positively charged nucleus.

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14
Q

what is ‘Half Life’?

A

Half life is the average time taken for the number of nuclei of the isotope in a sample to half.

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15
Q

What did the scientists think the atom was like in 1914?

A

Plum Pudding.

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16
Q

What nucleus has the least amount of charge??

A

The hydrogen nucleus.

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17
Q

Which type of radiation was stopped by paper?

A

Alpha radiation

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18
Q

What nucleus has the least amount of charge??

A

The hydrogen nucleus

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19
Q

What was the name of the Physicist who discovered that alpha and beta radiation is made up of different types of particles?

A

Ernest Rutherford.

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20
Q

In Alpha or Beta, What changes

A

The number of Protons in a nucleus changes

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21
Q

What are the 3 conclusions Rutherford made after his scattering experiment?

A
  1. Atoms are made up of empty space 2.The nucleus is positively charged therefore it repels the positive alpha particles 3.The atom must have a very small dense nucleus in the middle
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22
Q

What is a alpha particle made up of?

A

Two protons , two neutrons

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23
Q

Which radiation is the most dangerous in terms of ionising?

A

alpha

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24
Q

Which scientist carried out experiments where we put different materials between the radioactive substance and a detector.

A

Ernest Rutherford

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25
Q

Why are some substances radioactive?

A

Because electrons move about in energy levels surrounding the nucleus.

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26
Q

Which of the following are made up of different types of particles? Alpha, beta or gamma

A

Alpha and bae

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27
Q

Which type of radiation is the least ionising?

A

Gamma.

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28
Q

What was the proposed model of the atom before it was discovered called?

A

The plum pudding model.

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29
Q

Define Ionising

A

When radiation knocks an electron off an atom. This results in very reactive positive atoms.

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30
Q

What does the neutron in the nucleus change into with beta decay?

A

A proton

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31
Q

When a unstable nucleus emits a beta particle what happens to the nucleus?

A
  1. the atomic number of the nucleus goes up by 1 and its mass number is unchanged 2. the charge of the nucleus is increased, the mass of the nucleus is unchanged
32
Q

When was the nucleus discovered ?

A

1914

33
Q

what are the three types of radiation?

A

Alpha, Beta and Gamma

34
Q

What is the rough range of alpha radiation in the air?

A

5 cm

35
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton and neutron?

A

1

36
Q

What is the relative charge of a proton?

A

1

37
Q

What was Bohr’s model of the atom?

A

Niels Bohr put forward the theory that the electrons in an atom orbit around the nucleus at specific distances and specific energy values or energy levels

38
Q

What are the three types of radiation?

A

Alpha,Beta,Gamma

39
Q

What is the relative charge of an electron?

A

-1

40
Q

which types of radiation ionise substances they pass through?

A

alpha, beta and gamma radiation

41
Q

What type of radiation is the most ionising?

A

Alpha.

42
Q

How do you monitor people who have been exposed to radiation?

A

If you use a film badge.

43
Q

Why are some substances radioactive?

A

Because their nucleus is unstable so it emits either alpha, gamma or beta radiation

44
Q

What is it called when atoms become charged because they lose an electrons?

A

Ionisation

45
Q

What is the rough range of alpha radiation in the air?

A

5cm

46
Q

What particles make up alpha radiation?

A

Two protons and two neutrons. It is identical to a helium nucleus.

47
Q

Which 3 of the different types of radiation is stopped by paper?

A

Alpha Radiation

48
Q

What is the rough range of beta radiation in the air?

A

1 m

49
Q

what does ionisation in a living cell do to the cell?

A

Can damage or kill the cell

50
Q

What is the range of gamma radiation in the air?

A

Unlimited- spreads out in air without being absorbed

51
Q

What do radioactive atoms ‘want’ to become?

A

Stable

52
Q

Why is it dangerous for a radiation treatment patient to hug someone afterwards??

A

Because they can still be contaminated, and doesn’t want to radiate the other person.

53
Q

What is an element named after Marie Curie?

A

Polonium

54
Q

What is alpha radiation made up of?

A

Positively charged particles

55
Q

What counter can you use to detect radioactivity?

A

A Giiger counter

56
Q

Can alpha radiation penetrate paper?

A

No

57
Q

What material stops beta radiation?

A

Aluminium

58
Q

Why would you store a radioactive source in a lead-lined box?

A

Because it cannot be penetrated, even by gamma radiation.

59
Q

Can you predict radioactive decay?

A

No

60
Q

Who discovered the neutron and when did they discover it?

A

James Chadcick 1912

61
Q

What particle does beta radiation emit?

A

A single electron. This has a mass of zero and a charge of -1.

62
Q

What could the ‘plum pudding’ model not explain?

A

Why some alpha particles were scattered through large angles

63
Q

What’s more penetrating gamma or beta?

A

Gamma

64
Q

Why are some substances radioactive?

A

Every atom has a nucleus made up of protons and neutron.Electrons move about in energy levels (or shells) surrounding the nucleus.

65
Q

Name 3 ways of reducing radiation exposure.

A
  • Keeping as far away as possible from the source of radiation - Sending as little time as possible in at-risk areas - Shielding yourself by staying behind thick barriers, using thick lead plates and wearing protective clothing.
66
Q

How is energy transferred??

A

Energy is transferred by electromagnetic radiation.

67
Q

What is radiation?

A

The emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles which cause ionization.

68
Q

Which type of radiation consists of electromagnetic radiation?

A

Gamma radiation.

69
Q

What is irradiation?

A

Radiation outside of one body causes ionisation, the irradiated object does not become radioactive.

70
Q

What is a cause of radiation??

A

Radiation can cause some of earths heat to be lost back into space.

71
Q

What is an isotope?

How are isotope related to radioactivity?

A

Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

Isotopes are related to radioactive becuase some isotopes of an element are stable and others are not stable. This means that some of them are radioactive and others are not

72
Q

How do you calculate the half life of a substance from a graph.

Example: What is the half life of this radioactive isotope?

A

To find the half life from a graph you need to work out what half of the starting ammount is. You then look at the time when the number of nuclei have reached this number

You can check it by halfing it again, and looking at the time it has taken to half a second time.

73
Q

What is the symbol for alpha radiaiton?

Write a nuclear equation for alpha decay of americium-241 in to neptunium (symbol Np)

A
74
Q

What is a nuclear decay equation

what are the rules for a nuclear decay equation

A

A nuclear decay equation is a way of representing radioactive decay.

The rules of a nuclear decay equation are:

  1. The mass number of the reactants must be equal to the mass number of the products
  2. The atomic number of the reactants must be equal to the atomic number of the products
75
Q

What is the symbol for beta radiation?

Write a nuclear equation for the decay of carbon-14 into Nitrogen (symbol N)

A

GCSE physics (30 decks)

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