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Mammalian Physiology > Old Exams and Quizzes > Flashcards

Old Exams and Quizzes Flashcards

1
Q

Homeostatic changes that is in response to a change in the system

A

Reactive Homeostasis

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2
Q

Maintaining a relatively constant body temperature

A

Homeothermy

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3
Q

Relative stable, but continual energy is required

A

Steady State

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4
Q

Circadian rhythm has a ___ hour periodicity

A

24

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5
Q

Second messenger protein directly activated by elevated Ca

A

Calmodulin

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6
Q

Organelle source of Ca that activates Calmodulin

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

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7
Q

Molecules that mediate the entry of Ca into the cell

A

Ca Channels

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8
Q

One of the molecules that pumps Ca out of the cytosol

A

Na/Ca Exchange

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9
Q

Enzyme responsible for the formation of Inositol triosphosphate

A

Phospholipase C

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10
Q

Name of molecule formed when Phospholipase C makes Inositol triosphosphate

A

Diacylglycerol

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11
Q

Process of building organic molecules from smaller molecules

A

Anabolism

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12
Q

Non-native molecule that binds receptor binding site, inactivating the receptor function

A

Antagonist

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13
Q

Example of a molecule that functions to minimize a change of pH in the cell or blood

A

Bicarbonate

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14
Q

Example of a co enzyme

A

NAD+/NADH

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15
Q

What happens to the flux if the concentration gradient decreases?

A

Decreases

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16
Q

Formal name of the RNA synthesis process

A

Transcription

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17
Q

Enzymes function by lowering this to facilitate a chemical reaction

A

Activation energy

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18
Q

Term that refers to the diffusion of water

A

Osmosis

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19
Q

General name of the primary chemical messenger that is released by a nerve cell and affects the adjacent cell

A

Neurotransmitter

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20
Q

General name of the primary chemical messenger that is circulated through the blood to target cells throughout the body

A

Hormone

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21
Q

Mitochondria

A

Energy organelle of cell

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22
Q

Ribosome

A

Area for protein synthesis

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23
Q

Exocytosis

A

Process to release material from cell

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24
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

Enzyme that mediates CO2 +H2O = H+ + HCO3-

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25
Q

Nucleus

A

Area of the cell that houses DNA

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26
Q

Deamination

A

Release of ammonia from the organic molecule

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27
Q

Study of cell/tissue/organ/organ fuction

A

Physiology

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28
Q

Amino acid sequence

A

Primary protein structure

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29
Q

Aquaporin

A

Water channel

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30
Q

Used to estimate Vmax and Km

A

Linweaver-Burke plot

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31
Q

4 Primary Components of PM

A

Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol

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32
Q

Anaerobic with Fermentation

A

Metabolic Pathway: Lactic acid cycle including glycolysis

Molecule End Products (not energy): Lactate

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33
Q

Aerobic with Glucose

A

Metabolic Pathway: Glycolysis, CAC, Electron Transport Chain

Molecule End Products (not energy): Water and carbon dioxide

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34
Q

Homeostatic Reflex Arc (with cold)

A

1) Stimulus - cold temperature (exogeneous)
2) Receptor/Sensor - temperature sensitive nerve endings
3) Afferent Pathway - Nerves carry the action potential
4) Integration Center - Brain interprets signal
5) Efferent Pathway - nerves carry signal to skeletal muscles
6) Effector - skeletal muscles
7) Response - skeletal muscles shiver to increase heat
8) Feedback Loop - increased heat decreases initial stimulus causing the signal to decrease (points back to receptor/sensor).

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35
Q

Primary active transport molecule that maintains sodium and potassium asymmertry

A

Na+/K+ pump is “powered” by ATPase to pump 3Na+ out and 2K+ in. Both of which are against their “natural” concentration gradient.

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36
Q

The 2 Autonomic Nervous Systems

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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37
Q

Sympathetic nervous system’s terminal neurotransmitter

A

Norepinephrine

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38
Q

Parasympatheric nervous system’s terminal neurotransmitter

A

Acetylcholine

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39
Q

Acetylcholine receptor groups

A

Nicotinic and muscoinic

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40
Q

Antagonist for acetylcholine

A

Curare

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41
Q

Where is the typical cellular lipid-soluble hormone receptor located?

A

Inside of the cell

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42
Q

Hormone secreted with an elecation of blood glucose

A

Insulin

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43
Q

Biochemical grouping of insulin

A

Peptide

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44
Q

Liver secreted hormone stimulated by the secretion of growth hormone

A

Insulin-like growth factor 1

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45
Q

Hormone that stimulates growth hormone secretion (direction and effect)

A

Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone - acts on anterior pituitary to increase growth hormone secretion

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46
Q

A change in resting membrane potential that is variable in polarity, duration and magnitude.

A

Graded Potential

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47
Q

Time period that the neuron will not respond with an action potential regardless of any stimulation

A

Absolute Refractory Period

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48
Q

General area of the brain that controls memory and personality

A

Cerebrum

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49
Q

Area of the brain that control the cardiovascular and respiratory systems

A

Medulla

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50
Q

Name the axonal process by which materials from the cell body are transported to the axon terminal

A

Orthograde

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51
Q

Hyperpolarization of adjacent neuronal cell membrane the result of chemical synaptic transmission

A

Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)

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52
Q

Organ area and organ that secretes epinephrine

A

Adrenal glad and adrenal medulla

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53
Q

Organ that secretes antidiuretic hormone

A

Posterior pituitary

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54
Q

Organ area that secretes prolactin

A

Anterior Pituitary

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55
Q

Cells that secrete chorionic gonadotropin

A

Trophoblasts

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56
Q

Sensory cells for hearing and balance

A

Hair cells

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57
Q

Neuronal code for magnitude

A

Frequency

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58
Q

Retinal light sensing cells

A

Rods and cones

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59
Q

Sense based on 4 major sensations, uses 2 nerve cells in series and may be conductive or receptor based.

A

Taste

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60
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Voluntary

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61
Q

Olfactory Cells

A

1000’s of receptors

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62
Q

Mechanoreceptor such as a pacinian corpuscle

A

sense of touch

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63
Q

Protect nerve cells from other nerve cell action potentials

A

Glial cells like a Schwan cell

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64
Q

cGMP sense the shuts off the cell in response to stimulus

A

Vision

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65
Q

Breaks down acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholine esterase

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66
Q

Inner lining of the uterus that is periodically shed

A

Endometrium

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67
Q

Temporary organ formed for exchange of nutrients between fetus and mother

A

Placenta

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68
Q

Temporary organ that is formed from the teca and granulosa cells

A

corpus luteum

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69
Q

Location for fertilization

A

Fallopian tubes

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70
Q

Feedback of estrogen from mid-follicular to ovulation

A

Positive

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71
Q

Sertoli or nurse cells secrete

A

Inhibin

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72
Q

Monoamine examples

A

Dopamine, L-DOPA, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine

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73
Q

Amino Acid NT Examples

A

GABA, Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate

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74
Q

Peptide Examples

A

Insulin and gastrin

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75
Q

Gases and NT examples

A

NO, CO

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76
Q

Most common cell in blood

A

Red blood cells

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77
Q

Term for the fluid part of blood

A

Plasma

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78
Q

Part of heart whose contraction sends blood to the pulmonary system

A

Right ventricle

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79
Q

Term for a circulatory pattern that goes from one capillary bed to another without going through the heart

A

Portal system

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80
Q

Name the cuff equipment used to measure blood pressure

A

sphygmomanometer

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81
Q

What is the term for the smooth muscle that regulates blood flow through the capillary

A

Precapillary sphincter

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82
Q

What direction does fluid flow (in or out) of the capillary at the arteriole end

A

Out

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83
Q

Name the tissue fluid returning circulatory pattern that also has immune function

A

Lymph

84
Q

Relationship between the radius and resistance 1/r^?

A

4

85
Q

Name a heart valve and note heart side

A

Right/Tricuspid or left/bicuspid

86
Q

The function unit of skeletal muscle bound by z lines

A

sarcomere

87
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber with a small diameter, abundant mitochondria and capillaries and has a slow response

A

Oxidative slow fibers

88
Q

Name the regulatory protein that is attached to actin

A

Troponin

89
Q

Name the regulatory protein that covers the myosin binding sites location on actin

A

Tropomyosin

90
Q

Term for a decrease protein content and contractile properties

A

Atrophy

91
Q

Excitatory neurotransmitter of skeletal muscle

A

acetylcholine

92
Q

Name in sequence the ions moving for a ventricular action potential

A

Na, K, Ca, K

93
Q

What proteins conduct the ions for a ventricular action potential

A

Channels

94
Q

What is the regularity ion of the cardiac muscle fiber

A

Calcium

95
Q

Through what cellular process is the ventricular action potential moved from cell to cell

A

Gap junctions

96
Q

The heart generates its own rhythm so it is

A

myogenic

97
Q

The cardiac prinicple of starlings law of the heart states that stroke volume is related to

A

Ventricular end diastolic volume

98
Q

Relative impact of arteriole vasodilation on total peripheral resistance

A

Decrease

99
Q

Relative impact of an increase in blood volume on venous pressure

A

Increase

100
Q

Relative impact of a decrease in skeletal muscle movement venous return

A

Decrease

101
Q

What is the value of the flow coming out a 30cm tube if a 10cm flow is 60ml per minue.

A

20ml/min

102
Q

Oxygen binding protein in muscle fibers

A

Myoglobin

103
Q

Sustained full skeletal muscle contraction

A

Tetany

104
Q

The tension building result of incomplete muscle relaxation

A

Fusion

105
Q

End product from glycolytic fast fibers

A

Lactate

106
Q

Contractile property loss due to lack of oxygen or decrease pH

A

fatigue

107
Q

Blocks acetylcholine receptors

A

curare

108
Q

rotate a limb around a pivotal axis

A

antagonistic skeletal muscles

109
Q

Decrease vascular resistance

A

low blood viscosity

110
Q

high heart rate

A

tachycardia

111
Q

myosin-PO4

A

smooth muscle intermediate

112
Q

5 Major factors that influence smooth muscle activity

A

hormonal(Oxycontin and uterus contraction), neuronal(sympathetic vasoconstrict arterioles), local(pH), pacemaker(spontaneous depolarization), stretch (increase tension = increase force)

113
Q

3 source of energy generation in skeletal muscle

A

glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, creatin phosphate.

114
Q

Intercellular fluid

A

plasma

115
Q

A steady state condition of body temperature

A

homeothermy

116
Q

study of function

A

physiology

117
Q

P is greater than 0.05 for ear temperature

A

biologically not significant

118
Q

Homeostasis is the relative stable physical and chemical composition of the internal environment of the body maintained by ______ ______

A

regulatory mechanisms

119
Q

Did the average heart rate of your lab section change with exercise

A

yes

120
Q

Homeostatic reflex arc in response to a decrease in plasma calcium

A

Receptor: parathyroid gland
Integration center: parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Efferent system: blood
Effector response: release calcium from the bone into the plasma
Homeostasis Type: reactive

121
Q

Name a physiologic function that displays a circadian rhythm

A

Body temp, blood glucose….etc

122
Q

A rhythm that has a one year periodicity

A

Infradian rhythm

123
Q

Programed cell death

A

apoptosis

124
Q

How does water interact with other water molecules

A

Dipolar so the O is slightly negative and H is slightly positive. Forms hydrogen bonding networks

125
Q

Function of bicarbonate in the circulatory fluids

A

minimizes a change in pH or acts as a buffer

126
Q

Path of protein secretion through the cell

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum to a trsistion vesicle to the Golgi apparatus to a secretory vesicle which will fuse to a plasma a membrane and then the protein is released.

127
Q

The protein structural hirarchy that occurs when protein subunits combine to form funtional proteins

A

Quaternary

128
Q

Area of a molecule that is water insoluble

A

hydrophobic

129
Q

Does the action of a receptor agonist result in a cell response?

A

Yes

130
Q

Large protein that is part of the cytoskeleton and is composed of tubulin polymers

A

Microtubules

131
Q

Intercellular process where cells share a tight association that forms a barrier between the two sides of the cellular sheet, formin luminal and blood sides.

A

Tight junctions

132
Q

Examples of potential energy that can be used by a cell

A

Covalent bond, charge separation, concentration gradient

133
Q

Three enzymes you need to know from glycolysis (because you know that’s a really specific question that is totally helpful in understanding glycolysis and man phys….totally not just lame ass memorization…fuck)

A

Hexose kinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase

134
Q

Where does CAC and ETC happen?

A

Mitochondria

135
Q

Of what use are the NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport system

A

Protons donated are used to make ATP

136
Q

The shuttling on the nitrogen group from one organic acid to another is generally referred as

A

Transamination

137
Q

General term for a primary chemical messenger that is released a nerve cell and affects the adjacent cell

A

Neurotransmitter

138
Q

Primary chemical messenger that is released in a local area and affects the local area

A

Paracrine

139
Q

Active component of a G protein

A

Alpha-GTP (kind of true because the dissociated beta/gamma subunits are also capable of creating a cellular response once the alpha subunit bind GTP and leaves…….but whatever)

140
Q

Membrane potential will change with the opening or closing of…

A

ion channels

141
Q

Ion that activated calmodulin

A

calcium

142
Q

Source for calcium

A

Outside of the cell/interstitial fluid or ER

143
Q

Name substrate and the enzyme that will form cAMP

A

ATP with adenylate cyclase

144
Q

Product formed by phospholipase C

A

Inositol trisphosphate or diacyglycerol

145
Q

What characteristic did the fish melaophore demonstrate with increased cellular cAMP?

A

dispersion

146
Q

Functions of glial cells

A

physically protect neurons; absorb potassium; provide nutrients and removed wastes to and from neurons; insulate the neuron; aid in developmental growth and migration of the neuron; increase conduction velocity; destroy damaged/unneeded neurons

147
Q

Graded potential is variable with regards to polarity. What does this mean?

A

A graded potential may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing

148
Q

Name the refractory period of an action potential that corresponds to the period of time in which the nerve is only responsive to a very strong stimulus

A

Relative

149
Q

How did we test relative refractory period in lab?

A

Two stimuli with variable delay. Twin stimuli.

150
Q

Synapses type that is characterized by gap junctions between two neurons

A

Electrical

151
Q

The movement of vesicle from the axon terminal to the cell body is important for neuronal identity. What is this called?

A

Retrograde

152
Q

Monoamine neurotransmitters

A

L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine

153
Q

Enzyme that degrades acetylcholine

A

Acetylcholine esterase

154
Q

Neurotransmitter that has AMPA and NMDA receptors; and can cause long term potentiation or in excess, exitotoxicity.

A

Glutamate

155
Q

Area of the brain responsible for integration of skeletal muscle function for motor control

A

Cerebellum

156
Q

Area of brain responsible for regulating respiration and cardiovascular system

A

medulla oblongata

157
Q

What does action potential frequency code for in a neuron

A

Stimulus magnitude

158
Q

General factors that will promote a change in hormone release

A

Neuronal, hormonal, ionic, organic

159
Q

Hormone and its class that is released when blood glucose levels are elevated with the absorptive stage of digestion.

A

Insulin - peptide hormone

160
Q

Two hormones released by the posterior pituitary

A

Vasopression or oxytocin

161
Q

Steroid hormone released by Leydig or Interstitial cells

A

Testosterone

162
Q

The inner tissue lining of the uterus that is sloughed off regularly

A

Endometrium

163
Q

Fluid filled space formed during follicle maturation in the ovary

A

Antrum

164
Q

Temporary organ formed from theca and granulosa cells in the ovary following ovulation

A

corpus luteum

165
Q

Repeating units of sarcomeres found in a fibrous fashion in the skeletal muscle fiber are called

A

myofibrils

166
Q

Regulatory ion of skeletal muscle

A

Calcium

167
Q

Protein that mediates ion in skeletal muscle fiber

A

Ca Channel

168
Q

Two contractile proteins of skeletal muscle

A

actin and myosin

169
Q

two regulatory proteins in skeletal muscle fibers

A

troponin and tropomyosin

170
Q

Energized intermediate formed in the skeletal muscle fiber sliding filament mechanism

A

MyosinADPPO4

171
Q

Nervous system that innervates skeletal muscle

A

somatic

172
Q

Function of ATP in the skeletal muscle fiber contractile process

A

Break the myosin/actin bond or energize the cross-bridge or pull action over myosin or run in Ca-ATPase

173
Q

Term for maximal sustained contraction of skeletal muscle

A

tetany

174
Q

Skeletal muscle fiber with relatively few mitochondria, low amount of myoglobin and contraction cycle that is very quick

A

Glycolytic fast

175
Q

Second messenger system activated in the smooth muscle fiber.

A

Calmodulin

176
Q

Energized intermediate form in the sliding filament mechanism of smooth muscle

A

Myosin-PO4

177
Q

Large vessel that conducts blood away from the heart

A

Artery

178
Q

Percentage of red blood cells per blood volume

A

Hematocrit

179
Q

Ventricular relaxation

A

Diastole

180
Q

Primary pacemaker site of the mammalian heart

A

Sinoatrial node

181
Q

Conductive pathway that goes between the AV node and the Purkinje fibers

A

Bundle/s of His

182
Q

Cardiac electrical event that is happening during the QRS waves

A

Ventricular depolarization

183
Q

Ion channels that cause the ventricular action potential delay

A

Calcium (L type)

184
Q

Very low heart rate

A

Bradycardia

185
Q

Major variable that comprise Cardiac Output

A

Heart rate * stroke volume

186
Q

Baroreceptors in the carotid arteries or aortic arch measure

A

blood pressure

187
Q

Afferent nerves of baroreceptors signal will ultimately terminate in an integration center. What is it?

A

Cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata

188
Q

Chronically elevated blood pressure

A

Hypertension

189
Q

Common name for myocardial infarction

A

heart attack

190
Q

Full name of the flatten pulmonary cells that provide the surface area for oxygenand carbon dioxide diffusion

A

Type 1 Alveolar cells

191
Q

General term for the molecule secreted that reduces the surface tension of water in the lung

A

Surfactant

192
Q

Name the ventilatory flat muscle just above the abdomen

A

Diaphragm

193
Q

Variables that will change the affinity of heoglobin for oxygen serving to offload more O2 in metabolizing tissue

A

Decrease pH, increase temp, increase DPG

194
Q

Main route that CO2 is moved in venous blood

A

Bicarbonate

195
Q

Enzyme responsible for forming bicarbonate

A

carbonic anhydrase

196
Q

What happens to ventilation rate with an increase in non-CO2 acids, like keto acids?

A

Increases

197
Q

What direction does water move when a red blood cell is placed in a strong hypertonic solution?

A

out of cell

198
Q

Location of the repirator center driving ventilation

A

medulla oblongata

199
Q

Sensory cells that monitor blood gasses

A

pH chemoreceptor, CO2 chemoreceptor, O2 chemoreceptor

200
Q

Pathophysiologic disease that causes hypoxic hypoxia that will result in fluid in the lungs

A

pneumonia

201
Q

The outer layer of the kidney is called the:

A

Cortex

202
Q

Where does filtration occur in the nephron

A

Glomerulus

203
Q

Examples of re absorption and not the specific nephric location

A

Glucose in proximal tubule; water in collecting ducts

204
Q

What does atrial natriuretic peptide generally do?

A

Release water and or sodium

205
Q

What are releases antidiuretic hormone?

A

posterior piuitary

206
Q

What specifically does anti diuretic hormone do?

A

Conserve water fluid

207
Q

Problem that might be encountered while diving

A

Air gas embolism

Mammalian Physiology (6 decks)

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