Old Exams and Quizzes Flashcards
1
Q
Homeostatic changes that is in response to a change in the system
A
Reactive Homeostasis
2
Q
Maintaining a relatively constant body temperature
A
Homeothermy
3
Q
Relative stable, but continual energy is required
A
Steady State
4
Q
Circadian rhythm has a ___ hour periodicity
A
24
5
Q
Second messenger protein directly activated by elevated Ca
A
Calmodulin
6
Q
Organelle source of Ca that activates Calmodulin
A
Endoplasmic reticulum
7
Q
Molecules that mediate the entry of Ca into the cell
A
Ca Channels
8
Q
One of the molecules that pumps Ca out of the cytosol
A
Na/Ca Exchange
9
Q
Enzyme responsible for the formation of Inositol triosphosphate
A
Phospholipase C
10
Q
Name of molecule formed when Phospholipase C makes Inositol triosphosphate
A
Diacylglycerol
11
Q
Process of building organic molecules from smaller molecules
A
Anabolism
12
Q
Non-native molecule that binds receptor binding site, inactivating the receptor function
A
Antagonist
13
Q
Example of a molecule that functions to minimize a change of pH in the cell or blood
A
Bicarbonate
14
Q
Example of a co enzyme
A
NAD+/NADH
15
Q
What happens to the flux if the concentration gradient decreases?
A
Decreases
16
Q
Formal name of the RNA synthesis process
A
Transcription
17
Q
Enzymes function by lowering this to facilitate a chemical reaction
A
Activation energy
18
Q
Term that refers to the diffusion of water
A
Osmosis
19
Q
General name of the primary chemical messenger that is released by a nerve cell and affects the adjacent cell
A
Neurotransmitter
20
Q
General name of the primary chemical messenger that is circulated through the blood to target cells throughout the body
A
Hormone
21
Q
Mitochondria
A
Energy organelle of cell
22
Q
Ribosome
A
Area for protein synthesis
23
Q
Exocytosis
A
Process to release material from cell
24
Q
Carbonic Anhydrase
A
Enzyme that mediates CO2 +H2O = H+ + HCO3-
25
Nucleus
Area of the cell that houses DNA
26
Deamination
Release of ammonia from the organic molecule
27
Study of cell/tissue/organ/organ fuction
Physiology
28
Amino acid sequence
Primary protein structure
29
Aquaporin
Water channel
30
Used to estimate Vmax and Km
Linweaver-Burke plot
31
4 Primary Components of PM
Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol
32
Anaerobic with Fermentation
Metabolic Pathway: Lactic acid cycle including glycolysis
| Molecule End Products (not energy): Lactate
33
Aerobic with Glucose
Metabolic Pathway: Glycolysis, CAC, Electron Transport Chain
| Molecule End Products (not energy): Water and carbon dioxide
34
Homeostatic Reflex Arc (with cold)
1) Stimulus - cold temperature (exogeneous)
2) Receptor/Sensor - temperature sensitive nerve endings
3) Afferent Pathway - Nerves carry the action potential
4) Integration Center - Brain interprets signal
5) Efferent Pathway - nerves carry signal to skeletal muscles
6) Effector - skeletal muscles
7) Response - skeletal muscles shiver to increase heat
8) Feedback Loop - increased heat decreases initial stimulus causing the signal to decrease (points back to receptor/sensor).
35
Primary active transport molecule that maintains sodium and potassium asymmertry
Na+/K+ pump is "powered" by ATPase to pump 3Na+ out and 2K+ in. Both of which are against their "natural" concentration gradient.
36
The 2 Autonomic Nervous Systems
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
37
Sympathetic nervous system's terminal neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine
38
Parasympatheric nervous system's terminal neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
39
Acetylcholine receptor groups
Nicotinic and muscoinic
40
Antagonist for acetylcholine
Curare
41
Where is the typical cellular lipid-soluble hormone receptor located?
Inside of the cell
42
Hormone secreted with an elecation of blood glucose
Insulin
43
Biochemical grouping of insulin
Peptide
44
Liver secreted hormone stimulated by the secretion of growth hormone
Insulin-like growth factor 1
45
Hormone that stimulates growth hormone secretion (direction and effect)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone - acts on anterior pituitary to increase growth hormone secretion
46
A change in resting membrane potential that is variable in polarity, duration and magnitude.
Graded Potential
47
Time period that the neuron will not respond with an action potential regardless of any stimulation
Absolute Refractory Period
48
General area of the brain that controls memory and personality
Cerebrum
49
Area of the brain that control the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Medulla
50
Name the axonal process by which materials from the cell body are transported to the axon terminal
Orthograde
51
Hyperpolarization of adjacent neuronal cell membrane the result of chemical synaptic transmission
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
52
Organ area and organ that secretes epinephrine
Adrenal glad and adrenal medulla
53
Organ that secretes antidiuretic hormone
Posterior pituitary
54
Organ area that secretes prolactin
Anterior Pituitary
55
Cells that secrete chorionic gonadotropin
Trophoblasts
56
Sensory cells for hearing and balance
Hair cells
57
Neuronal code for magnitude
Frequency
58
Retinal light sensing cells
Rods and cones
59
Sense based on 4 major sensations, uses 2 nerve cells in series and may be conductive or receptor based.
Taste
60
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary
61
Olfactory Cells
1000's of receptors
62
Mechanoreceptor such as a pacinian corpuscle
sense of touch
63
Protect nerve cells from other nerve cell action potentials
Glial cells like a Schwan cell
64
cGMP sense the shuts off the cell in response to stimulus
Vision
65
Breaks down acetylcholine
Acetylcholine esterase
66
Inner lining of the uterus that is periodically shed
Endometrium
67
Temporary organ formed for exchange of nutrients between fetus and mother
Placenta
68
Temporary organ that is formed from the teca and granulosa cells
corpus luteum
69
Location for fertilization
Fallopian tubes
70
Feedback of estrogen from mid-follicular to ovulation
Positive
71
Sertoli or nurse cells secrete
Inhibin
72
Monoamine examples
Dopamine, L-DOPA, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
73
Amino Acid NT Examples
GABA, Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate
74
Peptide Examples
Insulin and gastrin
75
Gases and NT examples
NO, CO
76
Most common cell in blood
Red blood cells
77
Term for the fluid part of blood
Plasma
78
Part of heart whose contraction sends blood to the pulmonary system
Right ventricle
79
Term for a circulatory pattern that goes from one capillary bed to another without going through the heart
Portal system
80
Name the cuff equipment used to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
81
What is the term for the smooth muscle that regulates blood flow through the capillary
Precapillary sphincter
82
What direction does fluid flow (in or out) of the capillary at the arteriole end
Out
83
Name the tissue fluid returning circulatory pattern that also has immune function
Lymph
84
Relationship between the radius and resistance 1/r^?
4
85
Name a heart valve and note heart side
Right/Tricuspid or left/bicuspid
86
The function unit of skeletal muscle bound by z lines
sarcomere
87
Skeletal muscle fiber with a small diameter, abundant mitochondria and capillaries and has a slow response
Oxidative slow fibers
88
Name the regulatory protein that is attached to actin
Troponin
89
Name the regulatory protein that covers the myosin binding sites location on actin
Tropomyosin
90
Term for a decrease protein content and contractile properties
Atrophy
91
Excitatory neurotransmitter of skeletal muscle
acetylcholine
92
Name in sequence the ions moving for a ventricular action potential
Na, K, Ca, K
93
What proteins conduct the ions for a ventricular action potential
Channels
94
What is the regularity ion of the cardiac muscle fiber
Calcium
95
Through what cellular process is the ventricular action potential moved from cell to cell
Gap junctions
96
The heart generates its own rhythm so it is
myogenic
97
The cardiac prinicple of starlings law of the heart states that stroke volume is related to
Ventricular end diastolic volume
98
Relative impact of arteriole vasodilation on total peripheral resistance
Decrease
99
Relative impact of an increase in blood volume on venous pressure
Increase
100
Relative impact of a decrease in skeletal muscle movement venous return
Decrease
101
What is the value of the flow coming out a 30cm tube if a 10cm flow is 60ml per minue.
20ml/min
102
Oxygen binding protein in muscle fibers
Myoglobin
103
Sustained full skeletal muscle contraction
Tetany
104
The tension building result of incomplete muscle relaxation
Fusion
105
End product from glycolytic fast fibers
Lactate
106
Contractile property loss due to lack of oxygen or decrease pH
fatigue
107
Blocks acetylcholine receptors
curare
108
rotate a limb around a pivotal axis
antagonistic skeletal muscles
109
Decrease vascular resistance
low blood viscosity
110
high heart rate
tachycardia
111
myosin-PO4
smooth muscle intermediate
112
5 Major factors that influence smooth muscle activity
hormonal(Oxycontin and uterus contraction), neuronal(sympathetic vasoconstrict arterioles), local(pH), pacemaker(spontaneous depolarization), stretch (increase tension = increase force)
113
3 source of energy generation in skeletal muscle
glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation, creatin phosphate.
114
Intercellular fluid
plasma
115
A steady state condition of body temperature
homeothermy
116
study of function
physiology
117
P is greater than 0.05 for ear temperature
biologically not significant
118
Homeostasis is the relative stable physical and chemical composition of the internal environment of the body maintained by ______ ______
regulatory mechanisms
119
Did the average heart rate of your lab section change with exercise
yes
120
Homeostatic reflex arc in response to a decrease in plasma calcium
Receptor: parathyroid gland
Integration center: parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Efferent system: blood
Effector response: release calcium from the bone into the plasma
Homeostasis Type: reactive
121
Name a physiologic function that displays a circadian rhythm
Body temp, blood glucose....etc
122
A rhythm that has a one year periodicity
Infradian rhythm
123
Programed cell death
apoptosis
124
How does water interact with other water molecules
Dipolar so the O is slightly negative and H is slightly positive. Forms hydrogen bonding networks
125
Function of bicarbonate in the circulatory fluids
minimizes a change in pH or acts as a buffer
126
Path of protein secretion through the cell
Rough endoplasmic reticulum to a trsistion vesicle to the Golgi apparatus to a secretory vesicle which will fuse to a plasma a membrane and then the protein is released.
127
The protein structural hirarchy that occurs when protein subunits combine to form funtional proteins
Quaternary
128
Area of a molecule that is water insoluble
hydrophobic
129
Does the action of a receptor agonist result in a cell response?
Yes
130
Large protein that is part of the cytoskeleton and is composed of tubulin polymers
Microtubules
131
Intercellular process where cells share a tight association that forms a barrier between the two sides of the cellular sheet, formin luminal and blood sides.
Tight junctions
132
Examples of potential energy that can be used by a cell
Covalent bond, charge separation, concentration gradient
133
Three enzymes you need to know from glycolysis (because you know that's a really specific question that is totally helpful in understanding glycolysis and man phys....totally not just lame ass memorization...fuck)
Hexose kinase, phosphofructokinase, pyruvate kinase
134
Where does CAC and ETC happen?
Mitochondria
135
Of what use are the NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport system
Protons donated are used to make ATP
136
The shuttling on the nitrogen group from one organic acid to another is generally referred as
Transamination
137
General term for a primary chemical messenger that is released a nerve cell and affects the adjacent cell
Neurotransmitter
138
Primary chemical messenger that is released in a local area and affects the local area
Paracrine
139
Active component of a G protein
Alpha-GTP (kind of true because the dissociated beta/gamma subunits are also capable of creating a cellular response once the alpha subunit bind GTP and leaves.......but whatever)
140
Membrane potential will change with the opening or closing of...
ion channels
141
Ion that activated calmodulin
calcium
142
Source for calcium
Outside of the cell/interstitial fluid or ER
143
Name substrate and the enzyme that will form cAMP
ATP with adenylate cyclase
144
Product formed by phospholipase C
Inositol trisphosphate or diacyglycerol
145
What characteristic did the fish melaophore demonstrate with increased cellular cAMP?
dispersion
146
Functions of glial cells
physically protect neurons; absorb potassium; provide nutrients and removed wastes to and from neurons; insulate the neuron; aid in developmental growth and migration of the neuron; increase conduction velocity; destroy damaged/unneeded neurons
147
Graded potential is variable with regards to polarity. What does this mean?
A graded potential may be depolarizing or hyperpolarizing
148
Name the refractory period of an action potential that corresponds to the period of time in which the nerve is only responsive to a very strong stimulus
Relative
149
How did we test relative refractory period in lab?
Two stimuli with variable delay. Twin stimuli.
150
Synapses type that is characterized by gap junctions between two neurons
Electrical
151
The movement of vesicle from the axon terminal to the cell body is important for neuronal identity. What is this called?
Retrograde
152
Monoamine neurotransmitters
L-dopa, dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, histamine
153
Enzyme that degrades acetylcholine
Acetylcholine esterase
154
Neurotransmitter that has AMPA and NMDA receptors; and can cause long term potentiation or in excess, exitotoxicity.
Glutamate
155
Area of the brain responsible for integration of skeletal muscle function for motor control
Cerebellum
156
Area of brain responsible for regulating respiration and cardiovascular system
medulla oblongata
157
What does action potential frequency code for in a neuron
Stimulus magnitude
158
General factors that will promote a change in hormone release
Neuronal, hormonal, ionic, organic
159
Hormone and its class that is released when blood glucose levels are elevated with the absorptive stage of digestion.
Insulin - peptide hormone
160
Two hormones released by the posterior pituitary
Vasopression or oxytocin
161
Steroid hormone released by Leydig or Interstitial cells
Testosterone
162
The inner tissue lining of the uterus that is sloughed off regularly
Endometrium
163
Fluid filled space formed during follicle maturation in the ovary
Antrum
164
Temporary organ formed from theca and granulosa cells in the ovary following ovulation
corpus luteum
165
Repeating units of sarcomeres found in a fibrous fashion in the skeletal muscle fiber are called
myofibrils
166
Regulatory ion of skeletal muscle
Calcium
167
Protein that mediates ion in skeletal muscle fiber
Ca Channel
168
Two contractile proteins of skeletal muscle
actin and myosin
169
two regulatory proteins in skeletal muscle fibers
troponin and tropomyosin
170
Energized intermediate formed in the skeletal muscle fiber sliding filament mechanism
Myosin*ADP*PO4
171
Nervous system that innervates skeletal muscle
somatic
172
Function of ATP in the skeletal muscle fiber contractile process
Break the myosin/actin bond or energize the cross-bridge or pull action over myosin or run in Ca-ATPase
173
Term for maximal sustained contraction of skeletal muscle
tetany
174
Skeletal muscle fiber with relatively few mitochondria, low amount of myoglobin and contraction cycle that is very quick
Glycolytic fast
175
Second messenger system activated in the smooth muscle fiber.
Calmodulin
176
Energized intermediate form in the sliding filament mechanism of smooth muscle
Myosin-PO4
177
Large vessel that conducts blood away from the heart
Artery
178
Percentage of red blood cells per blood volume
Hematocrit
179
Ventricular relaxation
Diastole
180
Primary pacemaker site of the mammalian heart
Sinoatrial node
181
Conductive pathway that goes between the AV node and the Purkinje fibers
Bundle/s of His
182
Cardiac electrical event that is happening during the QRS waves
Ventricular depolarization
183
Ion channels that cause the ventricular action potential delay
Calcium (L type)
184
Very low heart rate
Bradycardia
185
Major variable that comprise Cardiac Output
Heart rate * stroke volume
186
Baroreceptors in the carotid arteries or aortic arch measure
blood pressure
187
Afferent nerves of baroreceptors signal will ultimately terminate in an integration center. What is it?
Cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata
188
Chronically elevated blood pressure
Hypertension
189
Common name for myocardial infarction
heart attack
190
Full name of the flatten pulmonary cells that provide the surface area for oxygenand carbon dioxide diffusion
Type 1 Alveolar cells
191
General term for the molecule secreted that reduces the surface tension of water in the lung
Surfactant
192
Name the ventilatory flat muscle just above the abdomen
Diaphragm
193
Variables that will change the affinity of heoglobin for oxygen serving to offload more O2 in metabolizing tissue
Decrease pH, increase temp, increase DPG
194
Main route that CO2 is moved in venous blood
Bicarbonate
195
Enzyme responsible for forming bicarbonate
carbonic anhydrase
196
What happens to ventilation rate with an increase in non-CO2 acids, like keto acids?
Increases
197
What direction does water move when a red blood cell is placed in a strong hypertonic solution?
out of cell
198
Location of the repirator center driving ventilation
medulla oblongata
199
Sensory cells that monitor blood gasses
pH chemoreceptor, CO2 chemoreceptor, O2 chemoreceptor
200
Pathophysiologic disease that causes hypoxic hypoxia that will result in fluid in the lungs
pneumonia
201
The outer layer of the kidney is called the:
Cortex
202
Where does filtration occur in the nephron
Glomerulus
203
Examples of re absorption and not the specific nephric location
Glucose in proximal tubule; water in collecting ducts
204
What does atrial natriuretic peptide generally do?
Release water and or sodium
205
What are releases antidiuretic hormone?
posterior piuitary
206
What specifically does anti diuretic hormone do?
Conserve water fluid
207
Problem that might be encountered while diving
Air gas embolism
