Old Exams and Quizzes Flashcards
Homeostatic changes that is in response to a change in the system
Reactive Homeostasis
Maintaining a relatively constant body temperature
Homeothermy
Relative stable, but continual energy is required
Steady State
Circadian rhythm has a ___ hour periodicity
24
Second messenger protein directly activated by elevated Ca
Calmodulin
Organelle source of Ca that activates Calmodulin
Endoplasmic reticulum
Molecules that mediate the entry of Ca into the cell
Ca Channels
One of the molecules that pumps Ca out of the cytosol
Na/Ca Exchange
Enzyme responsible for the formation of Inositol triosphosphate
Phospholipase C
Name of molecule formed when Phospholipase C makes Inositol triosphosphate
Diacylglycerol
Process of building organic molecules from smaller molecules
Anabolism
Non-native molecule that binds receptor binding site, inactivating the receptor function
Antagonist
Example of a molecule that functions to minimize a change of pH in the cell or blood
Bicarbonate
Example of a co enzyme
NAD+/NADH
What happens to the flux if the concentration gradient decreases?
Decreases
Formal name of the RNA synthesis process
Transcription
Enzymes function by lowering this to facilitate a chemical reaction
Activation energy
Term that refers to the diffusion of water
Osmosis
General name of the primary chemical messenger that is released by a nerve cell and affects the adjacent cell
Neurotransmitter
General name of the primary chemical messenger that is circulated through the blood to target cells throughout the body
Hormone
Mitochondria
Energy organelle of cell
Ribosome
Area for protein synthesis
Exocytosis
Process to release material from cell
Carbonic Anhydrase
Enzyme that mediates CO2 +H2O = H+ + HCO3-
Nucleus
Area of the cell that houses DNA
Deamination
Release of ammonia from the organic molecule
Study of cell/tissue/organ/organ fuction
Physiology
Amino acid sequence
Primary protein structure
Aquaporin
Water channel
Used to estimate Vmax and Km
Linweaver-Burke plot
4 Primary Components of PM
Phospholipids, proteins, carbohydrates, cholesterol
Anaerobic with Fermentation
Metabolic Pathway: Lactic acid cycle including glycolysis
Molecule End Products (not energy): Lactate
Aerobic with Glucose
Metabolic Pathway: Glycolysis, CAC, Electron Transport Chain
Molecule End Products (not energy): Water and carbon dioxide
Homeostatic Reflex Arc (with cold)
1) Stimulus - cold temperature (exogeneous)
2) Receptor/Sensor - temperature sensitive nerve endings
3) Afferent Pathway - Nerves carry the action potential
4) Integration Center - Brain interprets signal
5) Efferent Pathway - nerves carry signal to skeletal muscles
6) Effector - skeletal muscles
7) Response - skeletal muscles shiver to increase heat
8) Feedback Loop - increased heat decreases initial stimulus causing the signal to decrease (points back to receptor/sensor).
Primary active transport molecule that maintains sodium and potassium asymmertry
Na+/K+ pump is “powered” by ATPase to pump 3Na+ out and 2K+ in. Both of which are against their “natural” concentration gradient.
The 2 Autonomic Nervous Systems
Sympathetic and parasympathetic
Sympathetic nervous system’s terminal neurotransmitter
Norepinephrine
Parasympatheric nervous system’s terminal neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine
Acetylcholine receptor groups
Nicotinic and muscoinic
Antagonist for acetylcholine
Curare
Where is the typical cellular lipid-soluble hormone receptor located?
Inside of the cell
Hormone secreted with an elecation of blood glucose
Insulin
Biochemical grouping of insulin
Peptide
Liver secreted hormone stimulated by the secretion of growth hormone
Insulin-like growth factor 1
Hormone that stimulates growth hormone secretion (direction and effect)
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone - acts on anterior pituitary to increase growth hormone secretion
A change in resting membrane potential that is variable in polarity, duration and magnitude.
Graded Potential
Time period that the neuron will not respond with an action potential regardless of any stimulation
Absolute Refractory Period
General area of the brain that controls memory and personality
Cerebrum
Area of the brain that control the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
Medulla
Name the axonal process by which materials from the cell body are transported to the axon terminal
Orthograde
Hyperpolarization of adjacent neuronal cell membrane the result of chemical synaptic transmission
Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potential (IPSP)
Organ area and organ that secretes epinephrine
Adrenal glad and adrenal medulla
Organ that secretes antidiuretic hormone
Posterior pituitary
Organ area that secretes prolactin
Anterior Pituitary
Cells that secrete chorionic gonadotropin
Trophoblasts
Sensory cells for hearing and balance
Hair cells
Neuronal code for magnitude
Frequency
Retinal light sensing cells
Rods and cones
Sense based on 4 major sensations, uses 2 nerve cells in series and may be conductive or receptor based.
Taste
Somatic Nervous System
Voluntary
Olfactory Cells
1000’s of receptors
Mechanoreceptor such as a pacinian corpuscle
sense of touch
Protect nerve cells from other nerve cell action potentials
Glial cells like a Schwan cell
cGMP sense the shuts off the cell in response to stimulus
Vision
Breaks down acetylcholine
Acetylcholine esterase
Inner lining of the uterus that is periodically shed
Endometrium
Temporary organ formed for exchange of nutrients between fetus and mother
Placenta
Temporary organ that is formed from the teca and granulosa cells
corpus luteum
Location for fertilization
Fallopian tubes
Feedback of estrogen from mid-follicular to ovulation
Positive
Sertoli or nurse cells secrete
Inhibin
Monoamine examples
Dopamine, L-DOPA, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine
Amino Acid NT Examples
GABA, Glycine, Glutamate, Aspartate
Peptide Examples
Insulin and gastrin
Gases and NT examples
NO, CO
Most common cell in blood
Red blood cells
Term for the fluid part of blood
Plasma
Part of heart whose contraction sends blood to the pulmonary system
Right ventricle
Term for a circulatory pattern that goes from one capillary bed to another without going through the heart
Portal system
Name the cuff equipment used to measure blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
What is the term for the smooth muscle that regulates blood flow through the capillary
Precapillary sphincter
What direction does fluid flow (in or out) of the capillary at the arteriole end
Out