oil refining 3- different stages of oil refining

Question 1

Degumming

Answer 1

remove phospholipids. Also removes
seed particles, carbohydrates, proteins and
traces of metal

Question 2

Advantages Degumming

Answer 2

Produce lecithin & reduce phospholipids removal load in chemical refin

Question 3

types of degumming

Answer 3

(1) Water degumming
(2) Acid degumming
(3) Enzymatic degumming

Question 4

Enzymatic Degumming

Answer 4

• Converts all the gums to a hydratable form, and therefore virtually eliminates oil losses
• Reduces total oil loss in the degumming process
• Reduce the emulsification properties of the phospholipids is to cleave or cut their polar and
  nonpolar parts from one another

Question 5

enzyme used

Answer 5

phospholipase - create very stable emulsion

Question 6

Neutralisation

Answer 6

Mainly to remove all FFA present in the crude oil, phospholipids, protein meal, carbohydrate, resins and metals

Question 7

alkali solution reacts with FFA

Answer 7

to produce soaps and hydratbale gums, and removed by centrifugation

Question 8

Neutralisation

Answer 8

1) Neutralisation
2) Washing – to remove traces of soap
3) Drying (to remove residual moisture to ~0.1

Question 9

Dewaxing

Answer 9

Carried out by chilling the oil to 10-15ºC
followed by filtration of precipitat

Question 10

Dewaxing process )cooling and separation_

Answer 10

2 steps processes: * cooling that causes crystallization at an elevated melting point * separation of the formed crystal

Question 11

Bleaching

Answer 11

To remove color producing substances
(carotene, chlorophyll) by adsorption on a
suitable materia

Question 12

bleaching also remove oxidation product,

Answer 12

residual soap
(from caustic refining), phospholipids & metal

Question 13

Non-triglyceride components in a liquid state
are changed to a solid state by

Answer 13

adsorption onto the surface of adsorbent material added to the oil

Question 14

bleaching agents

Answer 14

Natural bleaching clays
Al silicates (originally used
Acid activated bleaching earth with adsorptive
catalytic & ion exchange properties

Question 15

Deodorisation

Answer 15

To remove volatile components that give rise to
undesirable flavors, odors, and color

Question 16

If no previous chemical refining step,
deodorisation is used to remove

Answer 16

-residual FFA, ketones, aldehydes
-odors, off-flavors, other volatile compounds

Question 17

refined oil storage

Answer 17

-oil storage tank-carefully inspected on a quarterly frequency and thoroughly washed at least annually
-failure to maintain clean tanks will result in poor oil quality
-means for effecrive and rapid tank washing should be included in the total system