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CEE 207A (allies) > Oil > Flashcards

Oil Flashcards

1
Q

History of oil?

A

Neanderthals, Mesopotamians use for adhesives(thousands BC); Chinese first refined oil for lighting/heating; Persians use flaming oil arrows in war(400BC); Arabs develop into napalm-like stuff(600AD); Europe starts using for lighting, Persia digs oil wells (1500s)

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2
Q

Oil formation

A

organic material (microscopic animals), time, temp, pressure

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3
Q

Formation sequence

A

burial, fold, fault

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4
Q

Porosity

A

volume of pore space in a rock as fraction of total rock volume

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5
Q

Permeability

A

Ease with which fluids can move through pores of rock

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6
Q

What kind of rocks do oil and NG like?

A

Sedimentary rocks w/porosity, permeability

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7
Q

Anatomy of Oil/Gas field

A

trap, reservoir rock, source rock

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8
Q

Trap

A

keeps oil/NG there; either stratigraphic (impermeable rock cap) or structural (folding, faulting) or both

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9
Q

Reservoir Rock

A

sandstone w/porosity, permeability

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10
Q

Source Rock

A

organic-rich shale

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11
Q

Oil exploration techniques (5)

A

surface, subsurface mapping, rock dating, oil seeps, reflection seismography,

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12
Q

Offshore oil discovery notes (5)

A

larger scale, deep water–need very different tech, spills harder to contain, mineral rights belong to govt

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13
Q

Royalty Interests

A

Mineral rights owner usually gets from 12.5-25% of revenues from drilling

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14
Q

Oil development on fed lands

A

Bureau of Land Management decides, gov’t takes royalty fee from proudcers
68% US oil/NG resources from fed land

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15
Q

ANWR

A

Arctic National Wildlife Refuge (alaska); to drill there, or not to drill there?

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16
Q

US offshore oil regulations

A

post-BP drilling has started again;

overseen by BSEE (bureau of safety and environmental enforcement)

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17
Q

Oil & the US budget

A

Oil companies get tons of tax breaks; various attempts by Obama to get rid of them–no luck so far

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18
Q

rig count

A

measure of drilling activity, not rig inventory; number of drilling rigs operating at any time

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19
Q

World rig count

A

~3500 (2012)

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20
Q

US rig count

A

~2000 (2012)

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21
Q

Drilling rig (11)

A

size function of well depth;
crown block, derrick, traveling block, rotary drive, drill string, drill collar, drill bit
also: casing, engineer, blowout preventer

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22
Q

Drill bits (3)

A

tri-cone bit (most common), diamond-tipped bit (hard rock or direction changes), rotary bit (like a screwdriver)

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23
Q

Drilling mud (composition)

A

mixture of water, clay, barite (for weighting), and chemicals

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24
Q

Drilling mud (purposes, 4)

A 
Raises drill cuttings for disposal
Weight to keep pressure in check
Weight to prevent hole collapse
Thin layer of clay = stable walls of hole
Cleans and cools bit
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25
Q

Blowout preventers

A

contain/release high pressure subsurface events (deepwater horizon one failed to close!)

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26
Q

Vertical drilling

A

Reaches vertical dimension of reservoir; lots of wells per area are required

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27
Q

Directional Drilling

A

Increases exposed length through reservoir
enables drilling if vert access is difficult
less surface disturbance

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28
Q

Horizontal drilling

A

vertical down then horizontal across

does the work of several vertical wells (read: less surface disturbance, fewer rigs needed)

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29
Q

Multilateral drilling

A

several horizontal bores off of one vertical and one initial horizontal
branched or stacked

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30
Q

Pad drilling

A

multiple drill bores from single location
vertical drill then horizontal out radially; can be stacked
can make marginal fields profitable

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31
Q

Perforating & Acidizing

A

perforations: holes made through casing/cement
Acidizing: acid pumped down casing, goes through perforations, contacts formation and etches channels so the oil can get out

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32
Q

hydraulic fracturing

A

for low-permeability reservoir/source rocks
inject millions gallons of water/sand/chemicals at high pressure–>cracks rock and sand holds cracks open–>oil can get out

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33
Q

Fracking fluid

A

99.5% water & sand, then small amounts of a bunch of chemicals

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34
Q

Crude oil processing

A

Produced fluid separated into oil, water, gas

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35
Q

Onshore drilling environmental issues

A

wildlife effects, traffic, air pollution, water consumption, water pollution, waste, fires

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36
Q

World oil production (magnitude on/offshore split)

A

82Mbbl/day (81%onshore, 19%off)

37
Q

US oil production (magnitude, on/off split)

A

5.7 Mbbl/day (76% onshore, 24% off [almost all offshore is gulf of mex])

38
Q

Offshore drill rigs

A

drilling barge( <12000ft, deep waters)

39
Q

Offshore platforms (2)

A

anchored (permanent, like a building) and floating (for marginally economic wells)

40
Q

What causes offshore accidents?

A

bad casing, BOP failure, caves or extreme pressure, storms, impact w ships

41
Q

Primary oil recovery (overview)

A

uses existing conditions; pumping

12-15% recovery

42
Q

Secondary oil recovery (overview)

A

injection of water or NG

additional 15-20% recovery

43
Q

Tertiary oil recovery (overview)

A

injection of heat, liquids, chem/bio catalysts

4-15% additional recovery

44
Q

Primary recovery mechanisms (3,1)

A 
natural ones:
Gas cap expansion drive
solution gas drive
water drive
not-natural:
pumping
45
Q

Secondary recovery mechanisms (2)

A

waterflooding: injecting water to displace oil

gas injection: reinjecting NG from the well where there isn’t a market for NG

46
Q

Reasons for low primary/secondary recovery (5)

A 
strong capillary forces,
 high surface tension, 
high viscosity oil, 
heterogeneous reservoir
low injected fluid density
47
Q

Enhanced oil recovery

A

thermal, gas, chemical

dependent on cost of injection fluid vs cost of oil

48
Q

Thermal recovery/steamflooding (4)

A

heat reduces viscosity of oils
shallow reservoirs
need to burn a fuel to make the steam
55% of CA oil

49
Q

Gas injection recovery

A

usually CO2 or CH4; good for lighter oils

50
Q

surfactant (chem) recovery

A

reduces interfacial tension–inject surfactants, polymers, alcohols
not used commercially here since 80s

51
Q

Oil shale

A

sedimentary rocks with kerogen; release oil during pyrolysis (heating w/o oxygen)

52
Q

Tar sands

A

combination of sand, clay, oil
can mine then separate
can heat in-situ to recover oil

53
Q

oil shale, tar sands environmental issues

A

Mining: habitats, water contam, waste, air from volatiles
high energy, water requirements
lots of GHG emissions compared to regular sources

54
Q

Oil transportation

A

2/3 by tanker

land transport is mostly pipelines

55
Q

MARPOL

A

marine pollution; governs international petroleum shipping

56
Q

Oil shipping vulnerabilities

A

chokepoints: narrow channels that a lot of oil travels through
Piracy

57
Q

World tanker fleet

A

13000 tankers

single-hull tankers getting phased out

58
Q

Oil tanker spill trends

A

Declined steadily since 70s

59
Q

On-land transport

A

pipeline, rail, barge, truck

60
Q

Pipelines & the environment

A 
brush & land clearing
habitats--migration barriers
leakages
explosions
chemical contam
61
Q

Categories of refinery products (4)

A

light distillates: aviation fuel, gasoline
middle distillates: jet fuel, kerosene, diesel, heating oil
fuel oil: marine fuel, crude oil
other: refinery gas, solvents, pertroleum coke, lubricants, waxes, bitumen

62
Q

Octane rating

A

measure of resistance to spontaneously igniting when compressed (causes knocking in engine)

63
Q

EPA gasoline regulation (3)

A

Reformulated gasoline: burns cleaners, less smog, 30% of US gas
Oxygenates: high octane, low CO
Low Reid Vapor Pressure: reduces summary gas volatility

64
Q

Private costs of gasoline (4)

A

crude oil
refining
marketing/distribution
taxes

65
Q

Social costs of gasoline (5)

A 
traffic congestion
traffic accidents
local pollution
climate change
leakage
66
Q

Basic refining processes (3)

A

Distillation
cracking
reforming

67
Q

Distillation (refining process)

A

separates crude oil into fractions based on boiling points at different pressures
light oils go to top, heavy stay at bottom of tower

68
Q

Cracking (refining process)

A

splitting heavy hydrocarbon molecules into lighter ones w/heat, pressure

69
Q

Reforming (refining process)

A

reforming and alkylation react lighter molecules to form complex, valuable ones

70
Q

World refinery capacity

A

93 Mbbl/day

71
Q

US refinery capacity

A

17 Mbbl/day

72
Q

Refinery economics (5)

A

driven by price of crude oil, crude oil quality, cost of compliance, refinery location, “crack spread”

73
Q

Refinery environmental issues

A

Air: SOx, NOx, PM, VOCs, CO2
Water: large volumes for processing, cooling
Waste: sludge, spent reagents
Ground contamination: lots of old refineries are superfund

74
Q

How much US oil is imported?

A

1/2

75
Q

What is oil used for in US?

A

2/3 transportation

76
Q

API gravity

A

high: 30 degrees or more–light (more valuable)
low: less than 20 degrees–heavy

77
Q

Oil sulfur content

A

low sulfur: sweet (more valuable)

high sulfur: sour

78
Q

Big picture history of oil

A

Discovery–>Rise of gasoline–>War, politics, globalization–>crises, scarcity, environmental awareness

79
Q

OPEC’s oil

A

72% of proved reserves, 42% world production, 9% world consumption, 47% US imports

80
Q

US oil addiction costs

A

expensive! 1/2 trillion per year

3-4% GDP

81
Q

Oil & US economy

A

dependent!

After oil price shocks, US recessions

82
Q

Global oil reserve holders

A

Middle East (Saudia arabia, UAE, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait), Canada, Russia

83
Q

world oil shale distribution

A

77% in US

84
Q

world tar sands & heavy oil distribution

A

mostly Canada, Venezuela

85
Q

World oil producers

A

Middle east, europe, Americas

86
Q

World oil consumers

A

Europe, US, China

87
Q

Where does US oil come from?

A

US, Canada, Venezuela, Saudi,…

88
Q

Oil price differences between countries

A

Mostly different taxes

also access, distance to oil

CEE 207A (allies) (10 decks)

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