Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

OUM Endocrinology > Office Hours Week 8 > Flashcards

Office Hours Week 8 Flashcards

1
Q

If you had to think of one word to describe the role of the endocrine pancreas, what would it be?

A

Energy!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do most cells get energy to perform their functions?

A

They hydrolyze ATP!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How is ATP hydrolyzed?

A

There is a removal of a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How do we generate ATP?

A

Our cells use glucose to make ATP to power the cells.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In order to make glucose into ATP, the cell must use these 3 processes:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. oxidative phosphorylation
  3. and the krebbs cycle.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is glycolysis?
Where in the cell does it occur?

A

When one molecule of glucose is broken down into 2 pyruvate and 2 ATP in the cytosol.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is converted into Acetyl CoA and enters the Krebs cycle –> if continuing on from glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Briefly explain how cells generate ATP and use its energy from glucose and fatty acids.

A

Glucose molecules will undergo glycolysis, the krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation to yeild ATP for energy.
Fatty acids will undergo beta oxidation, kreb’s cysle and oxidative phosphrylation to also yeild ATP, which the cell will then hydrolyse in order to release ATP’s energy.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is excess glucose or fatty acids stored in the body? And where?

A

They undergo lipogenesis to be stored as triglycerides in the adipose tissue or in the liver.
They also undergo glycogenesis and are stored as glycogen molecules in the liver and skeletal muscle.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What happens to serum levels of fatty acids and glucose when the adipose tissue and hepatocytes are undergoing lipogenesis?

A

They decrease.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What physiological state will trigger the process of lipogenesis?

A

Hyperglycaemia and high serum levels of Fatty acids. (So when there is EXCESS glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are two molecules for storage of glucose and free fatty acids?

A

Glycogen for glucose in liver and skeletal muscle and triglycerides for FFA’s and glucose in the liver and adipocytes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the process called where we store glucose and fatty acids as triglycerides?

A

Lipogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the process called where we store glucose as glycogen?

A

Glycogen synthesis and glycogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What cells undertake glycogen synthesis?

A

hepatocytes and skeletal muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do the cells know that we need to release stored energy and how do we release stored energy?

A

Glucagon?
- though lipolysis and glycogenolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is hormone-sensitive lipase?

A

The enzyme that particpates in lipolysis and breaks the bonds between glycerol and fatty acids, so that the FA’s can be released from the tissues as FFA’s.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is an important enzyme in the process of glycogenesis?
What is it’s role?

A

Glucose-6 phosphotase
It adds a hydroxyl group to the glucose within the skeletal muscle and hepatocytes to keep the glucose molecules trapped in the cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

If we have low glucose in the blood, do we want to activate or inhibit pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase?

A

Activate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

If we have high glucose in the blood, do we want to activate or inhibit pyruvate carboxylase and PEP carboxykinase?

A

Inhibit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the enzyme that breaks down bonds between glucose molecules in a glycogen molecule?

A

glucagon phosphorylase

22
Q

What types of molecules catalyze the process of energy storage and release?

A

Enzymes

23
Q

Many key enzymes in energy storage and release are hormone sensitive. Name hormones that affect energy storage and release.

A

Cortisol
GH
Adrenaline/Epinephrine
T4
Insulin
Glucagon

24
Q

Insulin is a hormone of energy storage. Which of the following occurs in hepatocytes in response to insulin binding the insulin receptor?
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogenolysis
C. ATP Hydrolysis
D. Glucose secretion
E. Lipogenesis

A

Lipogenesis

25
Q

Glucagon is a hormone of energy mobilisation. Which of the following occurs in hepatocytes in response to glucagon binding the glucagon receptor?
A. Gluconeogenesis
B. Glycogen Synthesis
C. Lipogenesis
D.Beta oxidation
E. Oxidative phosphorylation

A

Gluconeogenesis

26
Q

Is insulin hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

Hydrophilic

27
Q

Where is insulin stored for secretion?

A

beta cells in endocrine pancreas

28
Q

What is the enzyme located in the insulin receptor?

A

Tyrosine Kinase

29
Q

What causes phosphorylation of downstream second messengers in a cell?

A

Ligand binding to the receptor

30
Q

What is the first substrate in the Tyrosine kinase insulin receptor cascade?

A

IRS- insulin receptor substrate

31
Q

What GLUT type is insulin-sensitive and responds by translocating to the cell membrane upon binding of insulin to it’s receptor?

A

4

31
Q

What enzymes within the cell would need inhibiting when insulin binds to it’s receptor?

A

Glucose phosphotase
pyruvate carboxylase
PEP carboxykinase
Hormone sensitive lipase
** Think about WHY you would want to inhibit these**

32
Q

What organ is responsible for maintaining a normal level of glucose?

A

Liver
- because of hepatic gluconeogensis (overnight)
and hepatic glycogenolysis (between meals)
- because with glycogenolysis over night, the cells would get through the glycogen stores and start needing to use energy from other stores. (?)
LOOK UP TABLE THAT SAYS WHAT HAPPENS IN FASTING WITHIN HOURS, DAY/ DAYS TO CONFIRM.

33
Q

What happens in terms of the processes of storing energy in sustained hyperglycaemia with no insulin secretion?

A

We wouldn’t have any stored energy.

34
Q

What would happen to gluconeogenesis overnight in sustained hyperglycaemia with no insulin secretion?

A

It would be increased.

35
Q

What happens with insulin in type 1 diabetes?

A

There is no insulin!

36
Q

What eventually happens if there is sustained high levels of glucose and cells get tired of storing glucose?

A

They become insensitive to insulin. This is type II diabetes.

37
Q

What is the ‘problem’ that causes type 1 diabetes?

A

There is damage to the beta cells so the body doesn’t produce insulin.

38
Q

What is the ‘problem’ with type 2 diabetes?

A

2 problems:
1. beta cells don’t produce enough insulin
2. liver, skeletal muscle and adipose are insensitive to insulin

39
Q

What is incretin?

A

molecules secreted from the small intestine in the first phase of insulin secretion post meal and act on the beta cells to secrete insulin.

40
Q

Phase one of insulin secretion is indicative of ?
And phase 2?

A
  1. beta cells are storing insulin
  2. beta cells are making insulin
41
Q

What test screens for 1st phase of insulin secretion?

A

OGTT

42
Q

T1DM pts will have chronic hyper or hypoglycaemia?

A

Hyper

43
Q

Explain the pathophysiology of polydipsia in T1DM pts.

A

They are chronically hyperglycaemic.
Kidneys are unable to filter that much glucose, so it spills into the urine.
Water follows glucose, so they also have polyuria.
Polyuria is excessive water loss, which triggers excessive thirst (polyuria).

44
Q

What happens to muscle in pts with T1DM?
Why?

A

Muscle wasting. The are unable to store glucose and therefore need to use their proteins as a source of energy.

45
Q

What sort of body habitus to T1DM pts have?

A

Thin, due to the inability to store triglycerides in their adipose tissue.

46
Q

Why do the beta cells not produce enough insulin in T2DM pts?

A

The beta cells aren’t producing enough insulin because the pt is exposed to too much glucose and too many fatty acids, that the beta cells just can’t keep up.

47
Q

Which phase of insulin secretion is missing in t2DM pts? Why?

A

Phase 1, because they are unable to store glucose

48
Q

What is the most important phase of insulin secretion for clearing glucose from the blood?

A

First phase.

49
Q

What happens to SGLT2’s in the kidney’s in chronic hyperglycaemia and what is the effect?

A

They down regulate. increasing Glycosuria.

50
Q
A

OUM Endocrinology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions