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OUM Endocrinology > Energy Metabolism > Flashcards

Energy Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What provides energy and components required for anabolism?

A

Catabolism

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2
Q

Define anabolism.

A

the making of large, complex molecules from smaller, simpler molecules with the usage of stored energy.

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3
Q

Define catabolism.

A

the release of energy through the breakdown of large, complex molecules into simpler molecules.

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4
Q

Gluconeogenesis is the formation of new glucose molecules from non- carbohydrate carbon substrates. What 4 molecules can be used to synthesize new glucose molecules through this process?

A
  • pyruvate (Kreb’s cycle)
  • Lactate (Anaerobic glycolysis from muscle + RBC’s via Cori cycle)
  • Glycerol (via lipolysis)
  • Amino Acids (alanine and glutamine)
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5
Q

When and where does the process of gluconeogenesis take place?

A

In the liver, during times of fasting, starvation, and low carbohydrate diets.
Also occurs in the kidney.

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6
Q

Define glycolysis and it’s products.

A

Where one molecule of glucose is broken down for energy into 2 molecules of pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2NADH, 2 H+, and s H2).

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7
Q

Define Phosphorylation.

A

The process where a phosphate group is attached to a molecule or ion.

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8
Q

How does ATP provide energy for cellular processes?

A

Through the transfer of one of it’s phosphate groups to another molecule.

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9
Q

What is NADH used for?

A

Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation in the mitochondria

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10
Q

What metabolic process utilises pyruvate?

A

gluconeogensis.

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11
Q

What is the primary carbohydrate stored in the liver and muscle cells?

A

Glycogen

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12
Q

Define glycogenolysis.

A
  • process by which glycogen is broken down into glucose to provide immediate energy and to maintain blood glucose levels during fasting or starvation
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13
Q

Where does the process of glycogenlysis take place?

A

hepatocytes

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14
Q

What molecules initiate the process of glycogenolysis?

A

Glucagon and epinephrine

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15
Q

What 3 enzymes are involved in the process of glycogenolysis?

A
  • Glycogen phosphorylase, phosphoglucomutase, glucose-6-phosphatase
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16
Q

Define lipolysis and describe the products of this process.

A

 Lipolysis is a cellular process that breaks down fats (or hydrolyses) (triglycerides) into free fatty acids and glycerol molecules

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17
Q

What enzymes drive the process of lipolysis?
And where does this take place?

A

lipase enzymes
in adipocytes and hepatocytes

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18
Q

Define lipogenesis.

A

 Lipogenesis is the process of synthesizing fatty acids and triglycerides from nonlipid precursor molecules

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19
Q

Where does lipogenesis take place?

A

liver and adipose tissue

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20
Q

What compound is required to make palmitic acid, cholesterol and other fatty acids?

A

Acetyl CoA

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21
Q

What are the products at the end of lipogenesis?

A

diacylglycerides and triacylglycerides

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22
Q

What inhibits the process of lipogenesis? (x4)

A

Polyunsaturated Fatty acids
GH
Leptin
Fasting/starvation

23
Q

What stimulates lipogenesis? (x2)

A

Carbohydrate rich diets and insulin

24
Q

Why do glucose molecules require transporters?

A

they are both large and polar molecules

25
Q

What is the key source of energy for most living cells?

A

Glucose

26
Q

What are the 2 main types of glucose transporters?

A
  • sodium–glucose linked transporters (SGLTs)
  • facilitated diffusion glucose transporters (GLUTs)
27
Q

GLUT’s have x3 classifications of transporters. Class 1 includes which transporters?

A

GLUT1-4

28
Q

GLUT ? is expressed mainly in beta cells of the pancreas, liver and kidney.

A

2

29
Q

GLUT ? is mainly present in the brain.

A

3

30
Q

GLUT ? is an insulin-responsive glucose transporter that is found in the heart, skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and brain

A

4

31
Q

Which GLUT’s are in GLUT class II?

A

GLUT 5,7,9,11

32
Q

GLUT ? has a high affinity for both glucose and fructose and is located in cells of the small intestine, colon, testis and prostate

A

7

33
Q

GLUT ? (multiple isoforms) is expressed mainly in the proximal tubule of the kidney and in the liver and placenta

A

9

34
Q

GLUT ? (three isoforms of GLUT11), A present in heart, skeletal muscle and kidney cells, GLUT11B present in placenta, adipose tissue and kidney cells and GLUT11C present in adipose tissue, heart, skeletal muscle and pancreas cells

A

11

35
Q

What are the 5 subtypes of GLUT transporters in class III?

A

6,8,10,12,13

36
Q

GLUT ?-brain and spleen cells and in peripheral leukocytes. It is a low-affinity glucose transporter that is located intracellularly

A

6

37
Q

GLUT ? is a high-affinity transporter of glucose but inhibited by fructose and galactose. It is mainly distributed brain and testis cells

A

8

38
Q

GLUT ? is located in cells of various tissues - skeletal muscle, heart, lung, brain, placenta, kidney, liver and pancreas

A

10

39
Q

GLUT ? is expressed in cells of adipose tissue, small intestine, skeletal muscle and placenta

A

12

40
Q

GLUT ? is expressed in adipose tissue and kidney cells; predominantly expressed in the brain. It is mainly located intracellularly vi PKC avtivation in neuronal cells.

A

13

41
Q

What transporters symport (transport in the same direction) glucose in conjunction with sodium ions.

A

 Sodium–glucose linked transporters

42
Q

Which transporters require ATP?

A

GLUTs

43
Q

Which transporters do not directly utilise ATP but function because other mechanisms have utilised ATP?

A

SGLT’s

44
Q

What is required for SGLT’s to be able to transport glucose into the cell?

A

Sodium gradient created by the sodium-potassium ATPASE pumps.

45
Q

Where are SGLT’s located?

A

SGLTs are present on the luminal surfaces of cells lining the small intestine and renal tubules where they absorb glucose from dietary sources and facilitate the re-absorption of glucose from the glomerular filtrate

46
Q

SGLT’;s have 6 subtypes. Describe where they are located and discuss their function based on their locations.

A
47
Q

What is the polypeptide that inhibits the activity of certain pancreatic and gastrointestinal hormones?

A

Somatostatin.

48
Q

Somatostatin is produced by which endocrine pancreatic cells?

A

Delta

49
Q

What is the main role of pancreatic somatostatin secretion?

A

To regulate rates of usage and storage of glucose, amino acids and fatty acids.

50
Q

Which cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide?

A

F cells

51
Q

What stimulates the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide?

A

eating, exercising, fasting

52
Q

What does pancreatic polypeptide inhibit?

A
  • gallbladder contraction
  • pancreatic exocrine secretion
53
Q
A

OUM Endocrinology (7 decks)

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