Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

GI > Oesophagus > Flashcards

Oesophagus Flashcards

Conditions

1
Q

What is achalasia?

A

Tapering of the oesophagus due to parasympathetic plexus degeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main symptoms of achalasia?

A 
Dysphagia
Regurgitation of undigested food
Coughing
Heartburn
Chest pain after eating
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What can be used to treat achalasia?

A

Local botox injections (only last one year)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Lower oesophageal metaplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What cell changes occur in Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Squamous to columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How can you treat Barrett’s oesophagus?

A

Endoscopic Mucosal Resection (EMR)
Radio-Frequency Ablation (RFA)
Oesophagectomy (rarely)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Is Barrett’s oesophagus considered premalignant?

A

Yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most likely explanation for oral candidiasis?

A

Immunosuppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can you treat oral candidiasis?

A

Fluconazole

Treat underlying immunosuppression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the most common form of oesophageal carcinoma?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma (90%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where do squamous cell carcinomas occur in the oesophagus?

A

Upper or middle third

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the second commonest cause of oesophageal carcinoma?

A

Adenocarcinoma (8%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where do adenocarcinomas occur in the oesophagus?

A

Lower third

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the risk factors for squamous oesophageal cancer?

A

Alcohol
Tobacco
Coeliac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the risk factors for oesophageal adenocarcinoma?

A

15% associated with Barrett’s oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the common symptoms of oesophageal cancer?

A 
Dysphagia
Respiratory symptoms
Haematemesis
Weight loss
Usually present late
17
Q

What are the treatments for oesophageal cancer?

A

Diagnosis by endoscopy and biopsy

Only potential cure is oesophagectomy with/without adjuvant or neoadjuvant chemotherapy

18
Q

What is GORD?

A

Reflux of stomach contents into oesophagus as far as the mouth

19
Q

What can GORD lead to?

A

Barrett’s oesophagus

Can cause strictures

20
Q

What are the symptoms of GORD?

A

Heartburn
Oesophagitis
Often with dysphagia

21
Q

How can you treat GORD?

A 
Avoid aggravating factors
Raise head during sleep
PPI and H2 receptor antagonists
Alginates (Gaviscon)
Fundoplication
22
Q

Liver cirrhosis can often lead to?

A

Varices, common in alcoholics

23
Q

What happens in oesophageal varices?

A

Blood is shunted from the liver to the oesophagus, veins dilate and protrude into the lumen

24
Q

What can cause haemorrhage in varices?

A

Passage of food can rupture vessels, haematemesis is fatal in 40%

25
Q

How can oesophageal varices be treated?

A

Sengstaken balloon

One in stomach, one in oesophagus to put pressure on veins and prevent bleeding

26
Q

What are Mallory-Weiss tears?

A

Upper oesophageal sphincter tears due to excess vomiting

27
Q

How are Mallory-Weiss tears diagnosed?

A

History of haematemesis, definitively with endoscopy

GI (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions