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GI > Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?

A

L4

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2
Q

The abdominal aorta bifurcates to form which two branches?

A

Left and right common iliac arteries

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3
Q

What divides the greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneal cavity?

A

The epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)

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4
Q

Where is the lesser sac located?

A

Posterior to the stomach

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5
Q

What three main arterial branches supply the gut?

A

Coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric

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6
Q

The branches of the coeliac trunk supply…

A

The foregut

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7
Q

The branches of the superior mesenteric artery supply…

A

The midgut

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8
Q

The branches of the inferior mesenteric artery supply…

A

The hindgut

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9
Q

What structures make up the foregut?

A

Lower oesophagus, stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, 1st and 2nd part of the duodenum

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10
Q

What structures make up the midgut?

A

3rd and 4th part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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11
Q

What structures make up the hindgut?

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal

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12
Q

What is the action of rectus abdominis?

A

Flexes lumbar spine

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13
Q

What makes up the rectus sheath?

A

Aponueroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis

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14
Q

At what vertebral level is the umbilicus?

A

L3-4

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15
Q

Which thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?

A

T7-L1

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16
Q

Which dermatome supplies the level of the umbilicus?

A

T10

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17
Q

What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?

A

Aponeurosis of external oblique

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18
Q

What forms the posterior wall and roof of the inguinal canal?

A

Transversalis fascia

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19
Q

What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?

A

Inguinal ligament

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20
Q

What lies in the inguinal canal in Males?

A

Spermatic cord
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

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21
Q

What lies in the inguinal canal in Females?

A

Round ligament of the uterus
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve

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22
Q

What are the two subdivisions of the peritoneum?

A

Visceral

Parietal

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23
Q

Define the term peritoneal cavity

A

A potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum

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24
Q

What are the two major divisions of the peritoneal cavity?

A

Greater and Lesser sac

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25
Q

What passage connects the greater and lesser sacs?

A

Epiploic Foramen / (Foramen of Winslow)

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26
Q

What organs are retroperitoneal?

A 
Suprarenal glands (adrenals)
Aorta and IVC
Duodenum
Pancreas
Ureters
Colon (asc. and desc.)
Kidneys
oEsophagus
Rectum
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27
Q

What organs are intraperitoneal?

A 
Stomach
Spleen
Liver
Jejunum 
Ileum 
Transverse colon
Sigmoid colon
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28
Q

What is present within the peritoneal cavity?

A

NO ORGANS, just peritoneal fluid

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29
Q

Which layer of the peritoneum is sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold?

A

Parietal, because it is supplied by nerves to the adjacent body wall

30
Q

What are the attachments of the greater omentum?

A

Greater curvature of the stomach - to - posterior abdominal wall

31
Q

What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?

A

Liver - to - lesser curvature of the stomach

32
Q

Why is the greater omentum termed the ‘abdominal policeman’?

A

In infection, especially appendicitis, inflammatory exudate causes the omentum to fuse with the site of infection and wrap itself around the organ. This localises infection and prevents diffuse peritonitis.

33
Q

Is pain from the parietal peritoneum localised?

A

Yes, parietal peritoneum is innervated by T7-L1 (somatic). It is extremely sensitive to stretch

34
Q

Is pain from the visceral peritoneum localised?

A

No, visceral peritoneum is innervated by autonomic nerves. Pain is often referred and poorly localised.

35
Q

What muscles form the posterior abdominal wall?

A

Quadratus lumborum
Psoas major
Iliacus

36
Q

What are the three main openings in the diaphragm?

A

Caval
Oesophageal
Aortic

37
Q

What vertebral levels do the openings in the diaphragm occur?

A

T8 - Caval
T10 - Oesophageal
T12 - Aortic

38
Q

What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the structures entering and leaving the hilum of the kidney?

A

Vein
Artery
Ureter

39
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter?

A

A ring of muscle that controls movement of chyme into the duodenum

40
Q

What is the pyloric sphincter formed from?

A

A thickening of the smooth muscle

41
Q

Which portions of the stomach contains more rugae?

A

Antrum and pylorus

42
Q

Which tortuous artery passes behind the stomach?

A

Splenic artery

43
Q

What is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on the pylorus?

A

Opens

44
Q

What is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on gastric secretion?

A

Increases

45
Q

What are the three parts of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

46
Q

Which part of the small intestine receives the opening of the bile and pancreatic duct?

A

Duodenum

47
Q

Which part of the small intestine is the shortest, widest and most fixed part?

A

Duodenum

48
Q

Which part of the small intestine has short arterial arcades and long vasa recta?

A

Jejunum

49
Q

Which part of the small intestine has long arterial arcades and short vasa recta?

A

Ileum

50
Q

Name three features that distinguish the large intestine from the small intestine

A

Tenia Coli
Haustrum
Omental appendices

51
Q

What is McBurney’s point?

A

Most common location of the appendix. If a line is drawn from the umbilicus to the ASIS, McBurney’s point lies 2/3 inferolateral from the umbilicus and 1/3 anteromedial from the ASIS

52
Q

What structures are involved in faecal continence

A

Levator ani
Internal and external anal sphincters
Vascular air cushions

53
Q

The hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments are parts of which omentum?

A

The lesser omentum

54
Q

What secretory cells are present in the gastric pits?

A

Mucus secreting cells

55
Q

What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar

56
Q

What do goblet cells produce?

A

Mucus

57
Q

Where are goblet cells more readily found?

A

Large intestine

58
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

The line that divides the upper two thirds (simple columnar) and lower third (stratified squamous) of the anal canal.

59
Q

Does the spleen move with respiration?

A

Yes

60
Q

What are the functions of the spleen?

A

Storage of red blood cells
Storage of platelets
Lymphocyte production
Phagocytosis

61
Q

Which vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas?

A

Portal vein

62
Q

The round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres) is the remnant of which embryological feature?

A

Umbilical vein

63
Q

Which two lobes of the liver lie in contact with the gallbladder?

A

Quadrate lobe and the right lobe

64
Q

Where is bile stored?

A

Gall bladder

65
Q

Where does bile enter the gut tube?

A

Major papilla of duodenum

66
Q

What is the function of bile?

A

Emulsify fats

67
Q

Which sphincter controls flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?

A

Sphincter of Oddi

68
Q

What is the main content of splenic white pulp?

A

Lymphoid tissue

69
Q

What is the main content of splenic red pulp?

A

Connective tissue

70
Q

Which costal cartilage is the surface marking for the gallbladder?

A

9th

71
Q

Which ribs are related to the spleen?

A

9-11

GI (12 decks)

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