Anatomy Flashcards
At what vertebral level does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
L4
The abdominal aorta bifurcates to form which two branches?
Left and right common iliac arteries
What divides the greater and lesser sacs of the peritoneal cavity?
The epiploic foramen (foramen of Winslow)
Where is the lesser sac located?
Posterior to the stomach
What three main arterial branches supply the gut?
Coeliac trunk, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric
The branches of the coeliac trunk supply…
The foregut
The branches of the superior mesenteric artery supply…
The midgut
The branches of the inferior mesenteric artery supply…
The hindgut
What structures make up the foregut?
Lower oesophagus, stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, 1st and 2nd part of the duodenum
What structures make up the midgut?
3rd and 4th part of the duodenum, jejunum, ileum, caecum, appendix, ascending colon, proximal 2/3 of transverse colon
What structures make up the hindgut?
Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, upper anal canal
What is the action of rectus abdominis?
Flexes lumbar spine
What makes up the rectus sheath?
Aponueroses of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis
At what vertebral level is the umbilicus?
L3-4
Which thoracic spinal segments innervate the anterior abdominal wall?
T7-L1
Which dermatome supplies the level of the umbilicus?
T10
What forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
Aponeurosis of external oblique
What forms the posterior wall and roof of the inguinal canal?
Transversalis fascia
What forms the floor of the inguinal canal?
Inguinal ligament
What lies in the inguinal canal in Males?
Spermatic cord
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
What lies in the inguinal canal in Females?
Round ligament of the uterus
Ilioinguinal nerve
Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
What are the two subdivisions of the peritoneum?
Visceral
Parietal
Define the term peritoneal cavity
A potential space between the visceral and parietal peritoneum
What are the two major divisions of the peritoneal cavity?
Greater and Lesser sac
What passage connects the greater and lesser sacs?
Epiploic Foramen / (Foramen of Winslow)
What organs are retroperitoneal?
Suprarenal glands (adrenals) Aorta and IVC Duodenum Pancreas Ureters Colon (asc. and desc.) Kidneys oEsophagus Rectum
What organs are intraperitoneal?
Stomach Spleen Liver Jejunum Ileum Transverse colon Sigmoid colon
What is present within the peritoneal cavity?
NO ORGANS, just peritoneal fluid
Which layer of the peritoneum is sensitive to pressure, pain, heat and cold?
Parietal, because it is supplied by nerves to the adjacent body wall
What are the attachments of the greater omentum?
Greater curvature of the stomach - to - posterior abdominal wall
What are the attachments of the lesser omentum?
Liver - to - lesser curvature of the stomach
Why is the greater omentum termed the ‘abdominal policeman’?
In infection, especially appendicitis, inflammatory exudate causes the omentum to fuse with the site of infection and wrap itself around the organ. This localises infection and prevents diffuse peritonitis.
Is pain from the parietal peritoneum localised?
Yes, parietal peritoneum is innervated by T7-L1 (somatic). It is extremely sensitive to stretch
Is pain from the visceral peritoneum localised?
No, visceral peritoneum is innervated by autonomic nerves. Pain is often referred and poorly localised.
What muscles form the posterior abdominal wall?
Quadratus lumborum
Psoas major
Iliacus
What are the three main openings in the diaphragm?
Caval
Oesophageal
Aortic
What vertebral levels do the openings in the diaphragm occur?
T8 - Caval
T10 - Oesophageal
T12 - Aortic
What is the anterior to posterior arrangement of the structures entering and leaving the hilum of the kidney?
Vein
Artery
Ureter
What is the pyloric sphincter?
A ring of muscle that controls movement of chyme into the duodenum
What is the pyloric sphincter formed from?
A thickening of the smooth muscle
Which portions of the stomach contains more rugae?
Antrum and pylorus
Which tortuous artery passes behind the stomach?
Splenic artery
What is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on the pylorus?
Opens
What is the effect of increased vagal stimulation on gastric secretion?
Increases
What are the three parts of the small intestine?
Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Which part of the small intestine receives the opening of the bile and pancreatic duct?
Duodenum
Which part of the small intestine is the shortest, widest and most fixed part?
Duodenum
Which part of the small intestine has short arterial arcades and long vasa recta?
Jejunum
Which part of the small intestine has long arterial arcades and short vasa recta?
Ileum
Name three features that distinguish the large intestine from the small intestine
Tenia Coli
Haustrum
Omental appendices
What is McBurney’s point?
Most common location of the appendix. If a line is drawn from the umbilicus to the ASIS, McBurney’s point lies 2/3 inferolateral from the umbilicus and 1/3 anteromedial from the ASIS
What structures are involved in faecal continence
Levator ani
Internal and external anal sphincters
Vascular air cushions
The hepatoduodenal and hepatogastric ligaments are parts of which omentum?
The lesser omentum
What secretory cells are present in the gastric pits?
Mucus secreting cells
What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the small intestine?
Simple columnar
What do goblet cells produce?
Mucus
Where are goblet cells more readily found?
Large intestine
What is the pectinate line?
The line that divides the upper two thirds (simple columnar) and lower third (stratified squamous) of the anal canal.
Does the spleen move with respiration?
Yes
What are the functions of the spleen?
Storage of red blood cells
Storage of platelets
Lymphocyte production
Phagocytosis
Which vein is formed posterior to the neck of the pancreas?
Portal vein
The round ligament of the liver (ligamentum teres) is the remnant of which embryological feature?
Umbilical vein
Which two lobes of the liver lie in contact with the gallbladder?
Quadrate lobe and the right lobe
Where is bile stored?
Gall bladder
Where does bile enter the gut tube?
Major papilla of duodenum
What is the function of bile?
Emulsify fats
Which sphincter controls flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum?
Sphincter of Oddi
What is the main content of splenic white pulp?
Lymphoid tissue
What is the main content of splenic red pulp?
Connective tissue
Which costal cartilage is the surface marking for the gallbladder?
9th
Which ribs are related to the spleen?
9-11
