Oesophageal & Stomach Pathology Flashcards
What is the two congenital abnormalities at the esophagus
- Oesophageal atresia
- Tracheosophageal fistula
What is oesophageal atresia
It is abnormal narrowing at the upper end & forming a blind pouch (opening)
Can also form a fistula
What is tracheosophageal fistula & clinical presentation
Lower oesophagus communicate w/ trachea
Clinical presentation:
Failure to thrive & aspiration pneumonia
What is the two types of hiatus hernia
- Sliding hernia
- Rolling hernia
What is a sliding hernia
The distal oesophagus & proximal stomach slide upwards
What is a rolling hernia
Loop of the stomach rolls up through diaphragm at the oesophagogastric junction
What is the 2 causes of hiatus hernia
Ageing
Increase intra-abdominal pressure due to tumour, fat or fluid
What is the 2 complications of hiatus hernia
Reflux oesophagitis
Ulceration
What is the three main types of oesophageal inflammation
Infective agents
Associated w/ reflux oesophagitis
Corrosive injury
What is the 4 microorganisms that causes infective type oesophagitis
Candida
HSV
CMV
TB
What is the causes of corrosive injury oesophagitis
Ingestion of strong alkali or acid
What is the phases of corrosive injury oesophagitis
Acute: mucosal sloughing & bacterial infection
Chronic: fibrous stricture & motility disturbance
What is reflux oesophagitis/GERD
Upward reflux of gastric content through lower oesophageal sphincter that digest oesophageal mucosa
What is the symptoms of GERD
Central chest pain
What is the risk factors of GERD
Hiatus hernia
Increased abdominal pressure
Incompetent lower oesophageal sphincter
Abnormal peristalsis
What is the 4 complications of GERD
Peptic ulceration
Chronic haemorrhage
Fibrous stricture
Intestinal metaplasia/Barret oesophagus
What is Barret’s oesophagus
Long standing GERD causes metaplasia of squamous tissue to intestinal tissue w/ goblet cells
What is oesophageal varices
It is dilation of oesophageal submucosal venous plexus due to cirrhosis that lead to portal hypertension as a result of increased portal pressure & blood bypasses portal veins & shunting blood to systemic collaterals
What is the two types of oesophageal carcinoma
Squamous cell carcinoma
Adenocarcinoma