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Case 8: GIT diarrhoea > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is congenital short oesophagus/congenital hiatus hernia

A

Oesophagus is to short & stomach is pulled into thoracic cavity

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2
Q

What is congenital hypertrophic pyloric stenosis

A

Pyloric sphincter is abnormally thick & prevent chyme from entering duodenum leading to projectile vomiting

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3
Q

What is duodenal atresia

A

Duodenum does not recanalise & lead to projectile vomiting

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4
Q

What is biliary atresia

A

Biliary duct does not recanalise & if upper portion it can be surgically corrected otherwise liver transplant required

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5
Q

What is omphalocoele

A

It is when the gut loop’s physiological herniated do not renter the body again & are w/i umbilical cord covered by peritoneal layer

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6
Q

What is gastroschisis

A

Bowel prolapses through a defect in abdominal wall due to incomplete lateral folding & not covered by peritoneal layer

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7
Q

What is imperforate anus

A

Failure of cloacal membrane breaking down completely when mesoderm comes between endoderm & ectoderm

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8
Q

What is Hirschsprung’s disease/congenital aganglionic megacolon

A

Neural plexus of gut fails to develop in colon above anus making it difficult to pass resulting in enlarged bowel

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9
Q

What is Merkel’s diverticulum

A

Out pouching of gut tube where vitelline duct joins bowel & if connected to cord it can loop & cause obstruction

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10
Q

What is 3 possible complications of Merkel’s diverticulum

A
  1. Form a site w/ possibility of infection (diverticulitis)
  2. Ulcer & cyst formation due to abnormal mucosa
  3. Formation of fistula
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11
Q

What is part of hindgut

A

Distal 1/3 of transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon & upper anal canal

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12
Q

From what does the lower anal canal form & what is it

A

Proctodeum
A piece of ectoderm below cloacal membrane

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13
Q

What is the urorectal septum

A

Divide cloaca into anterior urogenital sinus & posterior anal canal

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14
Q

When does the primitive gut tube form

A

3rd week

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15
Q

What is the extend of the primitive gut tube

A

Buccopharyngeal membrane to cloacal membrane

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16
Q

What does the midgut consist of

A

Small intestine: distal half of duodenum, jejunum, ileum
Large intestine: caecum, appendix, ascending colon & proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

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17
Q

What is physiological herniation

A

Gut tube loops into viteline duct & develop inside umbilical cord w/ superior mesenteric artery in between the 2 loops

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18
Q

What is the 2 loops of physiological herniation & what do they form

A
  1. Cranial limb: forming the jejunum & ileum
  2. Caudal limb: forming the colon, dilate & form caecum & appendix
19
Q

What does the final loop of physiological herniation result in

A

Caudal limb framing the small intestine

20
Q

What does the foregut form

A

Pharynx, stomach, liver, gallbladder, pancreas & 1/2 half of duodenum

21
Q

From what structures does the pharynx develop

A

4 & 6th pharyngeal arches

22
Q

What does the trancheosophagel septum does & when

A

At week 4 divides the anterior lung bud & posterior oesophagus

23
Q

Form which structures does the pharynx develop

A

Endoderm forming the epithelial cells & glands that will be recanalise
Mesoderm forming the muscles & CT

24
Q

From where does the oral cavity & salivary glands form

A

Stomodeum

25
Q

Where does the oral cavity & salivary glands form

A

Anterior to oropharangeal membrane

26
Q

Where does glands & connective tissue of the oral cavity & salivary glands develop

A

Glands from ectoderm & connective tissue from mesenchyme

27
Q

Why & when does the oropharyngeal membrane break off

A

To allow swallowing of amniotic fluid at week 4

28
Q

How does the development of the stomach being begin

A

Dilation of foregut

29
Q

What is the two parts of the stomach/mesogastrium, their attachment & what they become

A

Ventral mesogastrium attach to anterior body wall forming lesser curvature
Dorsal mesogastrium attach to posterior body wall forming greater curvature

30
Q

What is the omental bursa

A

A cavity that is formed between the stomach & posterior body wall when dorsal mesogastrium is pulled by rotating stomach

31
Q

How does omental bursa communicate w/ peritoneal cavity

A

Omental foramen

32
Q

What forms the lesser omemtum

A

Upper recess that extends behind liver

33
Q

What forms the greater omemtum

A

Lower recess that extends over small intestine

34
Q

What is the results of the anteroposterior rotation

A

Reposition the superior end of the stomach & bend duodenum into C shaped loop

35
Q

To what does the liver bud give rise to

A

Liver, gallbladder & biliary duct system

36
Q

Inside which structures does the liver & gallbladder form

A

Ventral mesogastrium

37
Q

What does the endoderm & mesoderm extend into

A

Septum transversum

38
Q

What does septum transversum become

A

Stroma, hematopoetic cells & Kupffer cells

39
Q

What forms the sinusoids of the liver

A

Branches of liver bud, umbilical vein & vitaline vein

40
Q

What structures connect the liver

A

Lesser omemtum connects liver to stomach
Falciform ligament connect to ventral body wall

41
Q

From what does the pancreas form

A

Two pancreatic buds forms from duodenum

42
Q

What is the two buds that form when forming the pancreas

A

Dorsal bud forms the tail, body & part of head
Ventral bud forms most of head

43
Q

Why does bile & pancreatic duct enter the duodenum at the same point

A

Ventral bud initially part of bile duct & migrated to dorsal pancreas which fuses

Case 8: GIT diarrhoea (11 decks)

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