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Case 8: GIT diarrhoea > Histophysiology > Flashcards

Histophysiology Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the 4 major activities of the GIT

A

Motility
Secretions
Digestion
Absorption

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2
Q

What is the 3 functions of the stomach

A

Mechanical digestion via motility
Chemical digestion via secretions
Formation of chyme

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3
Q

What is the 2 innervations of the stomach

A

Extrinsic innervation via ANS
Intrinsic innervation form myenteric & submucosal plexus

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4
Q

What is the secretions of the stomach called & the 4 major components

A

Gastric juices
HCl, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor & mucus

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5
Q

What are the 4 parts of the stomach & the types of glands they contain

A

Cardia:
Simple columnar epithelium
Simple tubular glands w/ coiled ends secreting mucus for protection
Fundus & body:
Gastric secretion from gastric gland for gastric juices
Pyloris:
Deeper, larger & highly branched gastric pits
Endocrine cells
Secrete mucus, pepsinogen, gastric, somatostatin & HCO3-

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6
Q

What is the three layers of stomach muscle

A

Oblique
Circular
Longitudinal

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7
Q

In which layer is the pit found of the stomach gland & what does it secrete

A

Lamia propria
Surface mucous cells that secrete mucous

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8
Q

What 2 cells are found in the neck of the gastric gland

A

Mucous neck cells that secrete HCO3- for protection from acidic chyme & lubricant
Parietal cells: HCL production

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9
Q

What 2 cells are found in the body of the gastric gland

A

Parietal cells: secrete HCl
Chief cells: pepsinogen stored in zygotes granules

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10
Q

What is enteroendocrine cells, what does G/D cells produce

A

Monitor content of the gland lumen & release hormones based on sensing response
G cells produce gastric while D cells produce somatostatin

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11
Q

What is the route of signalling for enteroendocrine cells

A

Paracrine & endocrine route

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12
Q

What is enterochromaffin like cells & what are their function

A

Type of neuroendocrine & enteroedocrine cell
Aid in production of gastric acid - release histamine

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13
Q

Where is enteroendocrine G cell popular

A

In the antrum pyloric region

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14
Q

What is the 3 distinct feature of parietal cells that relate to function

A
  1. Abundant mitochondria: provide ATP to pump H+ into lumen of secretory canaliculus
  2. Secretory canaliculus: invagination of apical surface & continuous w/ gastric gland lines by microvilli
  3. Tubulovesicles: enriched w/ H+/K+ dependent ATPase rich pumps
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15
Q

How is HCl produced in parietal cells

A
  1. CO2 & H2O passively diffuse from blood capillaries into parietal cells
  2. Carbonic anhydrase convert to H2CO3 then dissociate into H+ & HCO3-
  3. HCO3- enter blood & increase pH & H+ transported via H/K ATPase to lumen
  4. Cl- enter lumen from blood capillaries via Cl channel
  5. Opposite charges forms HCl
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16
Q

What is the folds in the stomach that allows for it to stretch

A

Rugged

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17
Q

What is the 3 ways on which HCl secretion is stimulated

A
  1. ACh secreted by enteric neurons
  2. Gastrin secreted by G cells
  3. Histamine secreted from ECL cells
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18
Q

How is HCl secretion inhibited

A

D cells secreted somatostatin that can bind to own R or inhibit gastrin & histamine release

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19
Q

What is the 3 functions of small intestine

A

Digestion & absorption
Motility of mixing the chyme w/ digestive enzymes

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20
Q

What is the 4 folds of the small intestine to increase absorption surface

A
  1. Plica circularis
  2. Villi
  3. Microvilli
  4. Crypts of Lieberkuhn (invaginations)
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21
Q

What is the innervation of the small intestine

A

Intrinsic enteric nervous system- myenteric & submucosal plexus

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22
Q

What is the blood supply to small intestine

A

Capillary villus plexus: intestinal villi & upper portion of Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Pericryptal capillary plexus: lower half of Cryprs of Lieberkuhn

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23
Q

What is the lymph collecting ducts called in small intestine

A

Lacteal

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24
Q

What is the 6 ways in which the small intestine is protected

A
  1. Intestinal tight junctions (impermeable barrier)
  2. IgA (neutralising antibody)
  3. Goblet cells (mucous that lubricate & protects)
  4. Peyer’s Patches (regulated immune function)
  5. M cells (regulated immune function)
  6. Paneth cells (secreted TNF-a, lysosomes & defensins)
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25
Q

What are the 5 major cell types of the small intestine

A
  1. Enterocytes
  2. Goblet cells
  3. Paneth cells
  4. Intestinal stem cells
  5. Enteroendocrine cells
26
Q

What is the 4 functions of enterocytes of small intestine

A

Digestion
Absorption
Lipid processing
Transport of macronutrients

27
Q

Where is enterocytes of the small intestine located

A

At the brush border

28
Q

What is glycocalyx

A

Surface coat on enterocytes that contains glycoproteins & enzymes

29
Q

Does enterocytes secrete digestive enzymes

A

No

30
Q

3 places where the enterocytes receive their digestive enzymes from

A

Liver- bile
Pancreas- pancreatic juices w/ CHO, fat & protein enzymes
Brush border enzymes (CHO & proteins)

31
Q

What is the function of enteroendocrine cells

A

Secrete peptide hormones that control GIT function

32
Q

What is the 3 enzymes secreted by enteroendocrine cells

A

CCK
Secretin
GIP

33
Q

Answer the following on CCK:
Secretion, stimulus & 4 actions

A

Secretion:
Enteroendocrine cells in Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Stimulus:
Chyme rich in AA, TG & FA enter small intestine
Actions:
Opens sphincter of Oddi
Contracts the gallbladder
Inhibit gastric secretion
Motility & reduce hunger

34
Q

Answer the following on secretin:
Secretion, stimulus & 4 action

A

Secretion:
Enteroendocrine cells in Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Stimulus:
When gastric content enter the duodenum
Actions:
Stimulate secretion of pancreatic juice & bile (rich in bicarbonate ions)
Inhibit production of HCl in stomach
Promote growth & maintenance of pancreas
Enhance CCK effect

35
Q

Answer the following on GIP:
Secretion, stimulus & 4 action

A

Secretion:
Enteroendocrine cells in Crypts of Lieberkuhn
Stimulus:
Chyme rich in TG, FA & glucose enter the small intestine
Actions:
Stimulate release of insulin by B cells
Inhibits gastric secretion & motility
Stimulate lipogenesis by adipose tissue
Stimulate glucose use by skeletal muscle cells

36
Q

What is the function of Brunner gland & where can it be found

A

A tubuloacinar mucous gland in submucosal of duodenum
Produce alkaline secretion that neutralise acidic stomach chyme

37
Q

Describe the villi, type of glands & secretions in duodenum

A

Leaf like shaped villi
Crypts of Lieberkuhn & Brunner glands
Bile & pancreatic secretions

38
Q

Describe the villi & type of glands in jejenum

A

Finger like villi w/ well developed plicae circulares
Crypts of Lieberkuhn & Paneth cells

39
Q

Describe the villi & type of glands in ileum

A

Short villi
Crypts of Lieberkuhn w/ Paneth cells
Peyer patches

40
Q

What is the function & action of Peyer’s Patches

A

M & enterocyte cells take up Ag & present to plasma cells in follicles & production of IgA & IgG in germinal centre of follicles

41
Q

What is the 3 function of the large intestine

A
  1. Reabsorption of water & bile salts
  2. Absorption of vitamins produced by bacteria, organic waste, vitamin K/B5 & biotin
  3. Bacteria breakdown bilirubin, peptide & indigestible CHO
42
Q

What is the appearance of the muscularis layer of large intestine

A

Thin inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer & 3 spaced bands (taenia coil)

43
Q

What is the contractions of the large intestine called

A

Haustra, sacculation formation

44
Q

What is the 3 ways on which the GIT is regulated

A
  1. Autonomic smooth muscle activity
  2. Neural regulation
  3. GIT hormones
45
Q

What is the 2 enteric innervation component of ANS

A
  1. Submucosal plexus of Meissen: stimulation affects GI secretion & blood flow
  2. Myenteric plexus of Auerbach: stimulation affects muscle contraction
46
Q

What is the 2 extrinsic innervation component of ANS

A

Sympathetic that decrease motility & secretion
Parasympathetic that increase motility & secretion

47
Q

What is the pacemaker cells of the GIT & their function

A

Interstitial cells of Cajal
Create slow wave potentials via gap junctions causing continues contractions by increased muscle tone

48
Q

What are the 3 classes of hormone control of the GIT & functions

A
  1. Hormones: GIP, CCK & secretin
  2. Paracrine: somatostatin
  3. Humoral: ACh, NE, VIP
    Functions:
    Contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle & sphincter
    Secrete enzymes, fluids & electrolytes
49
Q

What is the 3 main accessory digestive glands in die GIT

A
  1. Salivary glands
  2. Exocrine pancreas
  3. Liver
50
Q

What is the 4 function of the digestive glands

A

Secretory products aids w/ lubrication, protection, digestion & absorption

51
Q

What does the gallbladder secrete & what stimulates it

A

Bile
CCK

52
Q

What is the 2 functions of the pancreas

A
  1. Endocrine w/ Islet of Langerhans for glucose
  2. Exocrine w/ acinar cells & ductal cells
53
Q

What does acinar cells contain & what acts on it

A

Digestive enzymes
CCK stimulate

54
Q

Where is the centroacinar cell of the pancreas

A

Terminal portion of duct w/i acinus

55
Q

What is the 2 exocrine products the pancreas secreted & their functions

A
  1. Bicarbonate ions from centroacinar & duct cells & neutralise acid chyme in duodenum
  2. Digestive enzymes for CHO, lipids & protein
56
Q

How does the flow of the pancreas work

A

Intralobular duct w/ cuboidal epithelium w/i lobules receiving from intercalated ducts that receive from acini & are flat cuboidal epithelium & extends into acinus lumen forming centroacinar cell

57
Q

What is the 3 regulation mechanism of the pancreas secretion

A
  1. CCK that stimulate acinar cells in response to fats & proteins
  2. Secretin that stimulate ductal cells to secret bicarbonate in response to low pH of lumen
  3. Vagus stimulation releases ACh & stimulate release of enzymatic secretion
58
Q

What are the 3 types of salivary glands & secretions

A
  1. Parotid: serous secretion
  2. Sublingual: mucous secretion
  3. Submandibular: mixed
59
Q

What is the gland classification of the salivary glands

A

Branched tuboalveolar glands

60
Q

What is the 3 function of salivary glands

A

Lubricant: water & mucus
Protection: antibacterial activity
Digestive enzymes

61
Q

What is the 3 types of cells in salivary glands

A
  1. Serous cells w/ triangular shape w/ apical zymogen granules
  2. Mucous cells w/ irregular nucleus
  3. Myoepithelial cells

Case 8: GIT diarrhoea (11 decks)

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