Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Y1 GASTROENTEROLOGY > Oesophageal Disease > Flashcards

Oesophageal Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Acute oesophagitis is more common than chronic oesophagitis. True/False?

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some causes of acute oesophagitis?

A

Chemical abuse -> corrosion

Infection (herpes, candidiasis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the main cause of chronic oesophagitis?

A

Reflux disease [reflux oesophagitis]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Define “reflux oesophagitis” (GORD)

A

Inflammation of the oesophagus due to reflux of acid from the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the 3 main causes of GORD?

A

Incompetent LOS
Poor oesophageal motility
Impaired mucosal barrier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the dominant immune cell that accompanies acid abuse?

A

Eosinophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name 3 complications of reflux oesophagitis

A

Ulceration/bleeding
Stricture formation due to scarring
Barrett’s Oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Define “Barrett’s Oesophagus”

A

Replacement of stratified squamous epithelium -> columnar epithelium [metaplastic change]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How is Barrett’s Oesophagus pre-malignant?

A

Mucosa becomes unstable, and persistent acid insult increases risk of developing dysplasia and carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is allergic oesophagitis?

A

Immune-mediated oesophagitis caused by reaction to food

Eosinophilic infiltrates present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Benign oesophageal tumours are rarer than malignant tumours. True/False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the most common benign oesophageal tumour?

A

Squamous papilloma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the two main types of malignant oesophageal tumour?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

Adenocarcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma of oesophagus is commoner in males. True/False?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Where is adenocarcinoma of the oesophagus most likely to develop? Why?

A

Lower 1/3 of oesophagus

Reflux insult is greatest here

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 main mechanisms of metastasis of oesophageal tumours?

A

Direct invasion
Lymphatic spread
Haematogenous spread

17
Q

Give examples of symptoms of GORD

A 
Heartburn
Waterbrash (hyper-salivation)
Dysphagia, odynophagia
Reflux
Chest pain
18
Q

What are the main investigations for GORD?

A

Endoscopy
Barium swallow
Manometry (pressure) studies
Nuclear imaging

19
Q

Name the ALARM Symptoms

A 
Anaemia
Loss of weight
Anorexia
Recent progressive symptoms
Malaena or haematemesis
Swallowing difficulty
20
Q

Antacids provide symptomatic relief and heal oesophagitis in GORD. True/False?

A

False

Provide symptom relief but no healing or preventative qualities

21
Q

H2 receptor antagonists mainly provide symptomatic relief of GORD; give an example of one

A

Ranitidine

22
Q

Proton pump inhibitors provide symptomatic relief and heal oesophagitis. True/False? Give an example

A

True

Omeprazole

23
Q

When is surgery indicated for GORD?

A

To repair LOS

When PPIs ineffective (cheaper doing surgery than being on PPI for 7+ years)

24
Q

Which investigations are indicated for diagnosing oesophageal cancer?

A

Endoscopy
Barium meal

CT scan

25
Q

Name some contraindications to surgery for treating oesophageal cancer

A

Invasion of adjacent structures
Widespread metastasis
Poor health/lack of fitness
Squamous cell carcinoma - usually radiotherapy/chemotherapy

26
Q

What is the likely cause of severe and prolonged vomiting, typically in teenagers?

A

Mallory Weiss tear - tear of the oesophagus resulting in bleeding

27
Q

What are the most common symptoms of oesophageal cancer?

A 
Dysphagia
Oydnophagia
Hoarseness
Upper GI haemorrhage
Cough
Anaemia
Weight loss
28
Q

List some risk factors for oesophageal carcinoma

A 
Diet
Alcohol
Smoking
Achalasia
Reflux +/- Barrets
29
Q

What is the immediate management for acute upper GI haemorrhage?

A

ABC

Endoscopy for cause

30
Q

What is the bleeding risk assessment techniques used in upper GI haemorrhage?

A

Rockall risk scoring system

Blatchford score

31
Q

What is used in the endoscopic treatment of ulcers?

A

Adrenaline injection
Heater probe coagulation
Clips
Haemospray

32
Q

What medication is prescribed in the prevention of rebleeding?

A

Acid supression - IV omeprazole

33
Q

What is the most common cause of acute variceal bleeding?

A

Portal hypertension - veins in oesopagus, stomach and rectum enlarge to carry blood

34
Q

List the symptoms of acute variceal bleeding?

A 
Haematemesis/ malaena
Abdo pain
Dysphagia
Oydnophagia
Pallor
Shock
Jaundice
35
Q

What is the progression of treatment in acute variceal bleeding?

A

Terlipressin

  • –> Endoscopic variceal ligation (banding) or SB tube (balloon)
  • –> Sclerotherapy (injection to encourage collapse of BV and clotting)
  • –> TIPS (join portal to systemic system)
36
Q

What is achalasia? What is the classical sign? How is it treated?

A

LOS fails to open properly during swallow - back up of food in oesophagus
Bird beak sign on imaging
Botox, Heillers cardiomyotomy, balloon oesophageal dilatation (stretch LOS)

Y1 GASTROENTEROLOGY (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions