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BDS 2: Oral Ecosystems > OE L21 Basic Immunology > Flashcards

OE L21 Basic Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do T and B cells develop?

A

T cells: thymus

B cells: bone marrow

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2
Q

What 2 responses is host immunity divided into?

A
  • Innate immunity (non-specific)

- Adaptive immunity (antigen-specific)

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3
Q

Describe the main features of innate immunity.

A
  • Non-specific
  • Fast response
  • First line of defence
  • No memory
  • Alarms and intiates adaptive immunity
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4
Q

What are the cell types involved in innate immunity?

A
  • Epithelial cells of mucosa and dermis
  • Endothelial cells
  • Fibroblasts
  • Phagocytes
  • Natural killer cells
  • Innate lymphoid cells
  • Innate T cells
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5
Q

Describe the role of mucosal epithelial cells in innate immunity.

A
  • Tight cell junctions = strong physical barrier

- Produce cytokines and chemokines in response to pathogens damaging this barrier

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6
Q

Describe the role of fibroblast cells in innate immunity.

A
  • Present in the lamina propria
  • Produce collagen to aid tissue repair
  • Can prevent pathogens penetrating deeper
  • Recruit other immune cells in repsonse to bacterial products
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7
Q

Describe the role of neutrophils in innate immunity.

A
  • Produced and secreted in response to chemokines
  • Phagocytic activity
  • Produce ROS and RNS (reacitve oxygen/nitrogen species)
  • Produce enzymes, e.g. MMPs, to facilitate immune cell infiltration
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8
Q

Describe the role of macrophages in innate immunity.

A
  • Migrate to site of infection in repsponse to chemokines
  • Phagocytic activity
  • Produce ROS, RNS, enzymes and antimicrobial peptides
  • Produce cytokines to signal to immune system and recruit more immune cells
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9
Q

Describe the role of dendritic cells in innate immunity.

A
  • Phagocytic activity
  • Take pathogens, migrate them to draining lymph nodes to activate adapative immune response - act as antigen presenting cells
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10
Q

Describe the role of mast cells, basophils and eosinophils in innate immunity.

A
  • Produce histamine
  • Dilates BVs to allow more immune cells and serum to infection site - causes swelling
  • Phagocytic activity
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11
Q

Describe the role of natural killer cells in innate immunity.

A
  • Important in viral infection and cancers
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12
Q

Describe the role of innate T cells in innate immunity.

A
  • Belonging to T cell group
  • Do not recognise specific antigens
  • Has a T cell receptor of gamma delta chains
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13
Q

Describe the role of innate lymphoid cells in innate immunity.

A
  • Abundant in intestinal mucousal

- Mainly involved in immunity of mucosa

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14
Q

How do innate immune cells recognise pathogens?

A

Innate immine cells have PRRs on their intra or extracellular cell surfaces- pattern recognition receptors.

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15
Q

What are the 4 major groups of PRRs?

A
  • TLRs: toll like receptors
  • CLRs: c-type lectin receptors
  • NLRs: NOD like receptors
  • RLRs: RIG like receptors
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16
Q

Describe the main features of adaptive immunity.

A
  • Slow development
  • Specific
  • Has memory
  • Long lasting
  • Initiated by dendritic cells (antigen presenting cells)
17
Q

Where do T and B cells mature, and where do they then travel to?

A

T cells mature in the thymus, B cells in the bone marrow.

Travel to lymph nodes and spleen where they remain until immune system is triggered and they’re required.

18
Q

Describe the structure of a lymph node in relation to the immune cells.

A
  • Have a T cell zone (most inner zone)
  • Have a B cell zone
    Germinal centres in B cell zone where B cell proliferation and maturation takes place.
19
Q

What is the B cell marker?

A

CD19.

  • B cells develop in bone marrow
  • Antibody producing cells
  • Humoral immunity (antibody mediated immune response)
20
Q

What is the T cell marker?

A

CD3.

  • T cells develop in thymus
  • Produce cytotoxic cells and T helper cells
  • Cell mediated immune response
21
Q

What are the 3 functions of B cells?

A
  • Antibody production
  • Presentation of antigens to T cells
  • Cytokine production
22
Q

Each naive B cell expresses a B-cell receptor, what happens when an antigen binds to this receptor?

A

The B cell undergoes proliferation and matures into an antibody producing cell as well as producing memory B cells.

23
Q

What are the functions of antibodies?

A
  • Block entry of virus into cells
  • Neutralise toxic domain of pathogens
  • Aggregation causes soluble antigens to become insoluble
  • IgG is an opsonin so makes pathogens more susceptible to phagocytosis
24
Q

What are the 5 major antibodies in humans and briefly describe each one.

A
  • IgA: found in saliva as a secretory antibody
  • IgD: cell surface antibody serves as B cell receptor
  • IgE: antigen binding can trigger histamine release from mast cell
  • IgM: produced at early stage of infection, isotype switch to IgG
  • IgG: most stable antibody in serum and involved in immune memory
25
Q

Why do most vaccines require 2 doses?

A
  • Because the primary response produces antibodies at a low level
  • Second injection produces much high levels of antibodies
26
Q

All T cells are ? positive.

A

All T cells are CD3 positive.

27
Q

T cells can have one of 2 types of receptor, what are these 2 receptors?

A
  • Alpha beta chain receptors: Ig like domain, 95% of T cells have this receptor
  • Gamma delta chain receptors: role in innate immunity, small population in peripheral blood, abundant in gut and skin
28
Q

What are the 2 main groups of T cells?

A
  1. Cytotoxic T cells (CD3+, CD8+)

2. T helper cells (CD3+, CD4+)

29
Q

What are the roles of cytotoxic T cells?

A
  • Deal with intracellular pathogens
  • Produce cytokines
  • Lysis cell by producing perforin and granzyme B
30
Q

What are the 4 types of T helper cell?

A
  1. Th1: promote activity of macrophages and NK cells
  2. Th2: help B cells for antibody production
  3. Th17: role in inflammation and tissue damage
  4. Treg: suppress auto-immune response and have control over immune reactions
31
Q

What are the 3 key signals for T cell activation?

A

1st signal: antigen presenting
2nd signal: CD28 receptor on T cell binding to ligand on dendritic cells
3rd signal: cytokine production by dendritic cells determines T cell differentation type

32
Q

When a T cell binds a receptor of an antigen presenting dendritic cell what can happen?

A

T cell proliferates and becomes cytotoxic T cell or memory T cell

33
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A host response against harmful stimulation (pathogens, tissue damage, chemical attack)

34
Q

Compare acute and chronic inflammation.

A

Acute inflammation: increased blood flow and permeability, migration of neutrophils and immune cells to specific site.

Chronic inflammation: result of unresolved acute inflammation. Greater macrophage and lymphocyte migration- sometimes forms a granuloma.

35
Q

What is immune hypersensitivty?

A

Term used to describe undesirable reactions produced by normal immune system.

36
Q

What are the 4 types of immune hypersensitivity?

A
  • Type I: IgE mediated, activates mast cells to release histamine
  • Type II: IgG and IgM mediated, triggers NO release to dilate blood vesels causing serum proteins to leak
  • Type III: IgG forms immunocomplex to activate mast cells to release histamine
  • Type IV: delayed type IV hypersensitivity. Not antibody mediated. T-cell mediated (CD4 T cells).
37
Q

Describe delayed type hypersensitivty.

A
  • Mediated by CD4 T cells which divide into Th1 or Th17 cells
  • Produces nitrous oxide, causes tissue damage
  • Can join macrophages to become osteoclasts -> bone resorption

Involved in periodontitis.

38
Q

Name 5 diseases related to immune system dysregulation.

A
  • Allergies (hayfever, asthma)
  • Tuberculosis
  • Periodontitis
  • Autoimmune diseases e.g. rheumatoid athritis
  • Chronic wound healing

BDS 2: Oral Ecosystems (42 decks)

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