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BDS 2: Oral Ecosystems > OE L20 Oral Mucosa: Matrix Architecture > Flashcards

OE L20 Oral Mucosa: Matrix Architecture Flashcards

1
Q

How is the oral mucosa involved in protection?

A
  • Protection against bacteria, viruses, fundi

- Also acts as a barrier against mechanical force of mastication

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2
Q

How is the oral mucosa involved in sensation?

A
  • Receptors for temperature, touch and pain
  • Specialised sensation (taste)
  • Sensations initiate swallowing, gagging, salivation
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3
Q

How is the oral mucosa involved in secretion?

A
  • Minor salivary glands maintain moist surface

- Sebaceous glands

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4
Q

What are the relative amounts of oral mucosa types?

A
  • 60% lining mucosa (non keratinised)
  • 15% masticatory mucosa (keratinised)
  • 25% specialised mucosa (tongue)
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5
Q

Describe the general features of mucosa.

A
  • Pale pink colour, colour varies depending on degree of keratinisation and epithelial thickness
  • Smooth, lack of appendages
  • Moist surface, minor salivary glands and sebaceous glands
  • Immobile layer, masticatory mucosa has an immobilised layer
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6
Q

Place these layers in order from most superficial to least: periosteum, lamina propria, OE, submucosa, bone.

A
  1. Oral epithelium
  2. Lamina propria
  3. Submucosa (fat cells and blood vessels)
  4. Periosteum
  5. Bone
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7
Q

What is the lamina propria?

A

The layer of underlying connective tissue. Contains fibroblast cells, collagen fibres and nodules of lymphoid tissue in areas

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8
Q

The oral epithelium is what type of epithelium?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium

Can be keratinised (masticatory) or non-keratinised (lining and specialised)

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9
Q

What are the layers of a keratinised epithelium?

A
  • Basal lamina
  • Basal layer
  • Spinous layer
  • Granular layer
  • Keratinised layer
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10
Q

What cell populations does the basal layer contain?

A
  • Progenitor/stem cells

- Mature cells

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11
Q

How is oral epithelium turned over?

A

Mature cells from basal layer move up and replace layers being shed from the top

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12
Q

What is the turnover rate of oral mucosa?

A

Gingival mucosa = 41-52 days

Buccal mucosa = 25 days

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13
Q

What are the layers of a non-keratinised epithelium?

A
  • Basal lamina
  • Basal layer
  • Spinous layer
  • Intermediate layer
  • Superficial layer
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14
Q

Describe the basal layer.

A
  • Single layer of cells
  • Cuboidal or columnar shape
  • Acts as interface between epithelia and CT
  • Cells express keratin 5 and keratin 14
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15
Q

Describe the spinous layer.

A
  • Several cells thick
  • Polyhedron cells
  • Cell-cell connections via spinous processes
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16
Q

Describe the granular layer.

A
  • Only present in keratinised epithelium
  • 3-5 cells thick
  • Flattened cells
  • Many proteins, cytokeratins and membrane-coating glycolipids on cell membranes
17
Q

Describe the keratinisied layer.

A
  • Far from nutrient supply
  • Dead and flattened
  • No nucleus and no granules
  • Contain keratin fibres
18
Q

Describe the superficial layer.

A
  • Only present in non-keratinised epithelium
  • Nucleated cells
  • Dispersed tonofilaments
19
Q

What different keratins are produced by cells in the spinous layer in keratinised and non-keratinised epithelia?

A

Keratinised:
- K1, K6, K10, K16

Non-keratinised:
- K4, K13, K19

20
Q

Describe tight junctions.

A
  • Impermeable
  • Prevents molecules from passing through intercellular space
  • Occludin, claudin and junction adhesion molecules
21
Q

Describe gap junctions.

A
  • Communicating junctions
  • Paasage of small molecules and ions
  • 6 connexins making a connexon
22
Q

Describe desmosomes.

A
  • Anchoring junctions binding neighbouring cells together
  • Group of 6 proteins
  • Desmoglein and desmocollin anchor to eachother
23
Q

Describe hemidesmosomes.

A
  • Promote adhesion of epithelial cells to underlying basement membrane
  • Use integrin to bind to basal lamina protein (lamina lucida)
24
Q

Name 4 other cells commonly found in the oral epithelium.

A
  • Merkel cells
  • Melanocytes
  • Langerhans cells
  • Immune cells
25
Q

What are Merkel cells?

A

Found in basal layer. Contain small granules adjacent to synapse connection with nerve fibre, cells have a sensory function in response to touch and pain.
Use desmosomes to link to adjacent cells.

26
Q

What are melanocytes?

A

Found in basal layer.
Self-renewing pigment cells.
Arise from neural crest ectoderm and have long dendritic branching between keratinocytes.
Same number of mealnocytes in varying skin colours, but it’s the levels of melanin produced which differ.

27
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Resident macrophage cell.
Self-renew and divide in epithelium.
Can migrate out of OE into drainage lymph nodes and present antigen for T cell activation.

28
Q

What other immune cells are found in the oral epithelium.

A
  • CD8+ T cells
  • NK cells

Play a role in inflammatory responses.

29
Q

Describe the composition of the lamina propria.

A
  • Thin layer of loose connective tissue containing elastic and collgen fibres
  • Rich in cells
  • Vascularised
  • Contains lymphoid vessels for drainage
  • Glands and ducts open into epithelia
  • Rich in immune cells
30
Q

Name the main cell types found in the lamina propria.

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Dendritic cells
  • Macrophages
  • Mast cells
  • Leukocytes (T and B cells)
  • Plasma cells
  • Endothelial cells
31
Q

What regions is the gingival epithelium divided into?

A
  • Oral (gingival) epithelium
  • Oral sulcular epithelium
  • Junctional epithelium
32
Q

Describe the oral gingival epithelium.

A
  • Extends from gingival margin to mucogingival junction
  • Keratinised stratified squamous epithelium (masticatory epithelium)
  • Deep rete ridges, may provide fast turnover rate by hosting more stem and progenitor cells
33
Q

Describe the oral sulcular epithelium.

A
  • Extends from gingival margin to gingival sulcus
  • Protected inside gingival pocket so is non-keratinised squamous epithelium
  • Lacks significant Rete ridges
34
Q

Describe the junctional epithelium.

A
  • Directly attaches gingiva to tooth surface
  • Derived from reduced enamel epithelium during tooth eruption
  • Stratified squamous epithelium
  • Cells in basal layer constantly dividing and cells on top shedding
  • Attachments mediated by hemi-desmosomes in basal lamina
  • Very high turnover rate
  • Highly permeable, allows white blood cells and immune cells to infiltrate
  • Weaker barrier against bacteria and toxins
35
Q

What is the average gingival sulcus depth in health?

A

0.5-3mm is healthy.
Average is 1.8mm
Greater than 3mm is pathologic.

36
Q

Compare the blood supply of the gingiva to other oral mucosa and skin.

A

Gingival blood supply is the richest.

Gingiva > other oral mucosa > skin

37
Q

Describe the blood supply to the gingival epithelium.

A
  • Blood supply to junctional and sulcular epithelium comes from the PDL, alveolar bone and supraperisoteal blood supply

Vascular plexus adjacent to the oral gingival epithelium.
Vascular plexus adjacent to junctional epithelium.

38
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the gingival epithelium.

A
  • Rich nerve supply
  • Sensory nerves connect to receptors (Merkel cells and taste cells)
  • Reflex role: masticatory, salivation, swallowing and gagging

BDS 2: Oral Ecosystems (42 decks)

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