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Landscape Ecology > Odum 1 - Glossary > Flashcards

Odum 1 - Glossary Flashcards

1
Q

Relating to bottom of waters of oceans

A

Abyssal

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2
Q

Anthropogenic emissions of hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen oxides from fossil fuel combustion that interact with water vapor to produce dilute sulfuric and nitric acids, causing widespread acidification of cloud and rainwater

A

Acid Rain

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3
Q

Refers to life in the presence of free oxygen, either as a gas in the atmosphere or dissolved in water

A

Aerobic

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4
Q

Dormancy in animals during periods of drought

A

Aestivation

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5
Q

Surface stratum of soil, characterized by maximum accumulation of organic matter and biological activity

A

A Horizon

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6
Q

Refers to life or processes that occur in the absence of free oxygen

A

Anaerobic

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7
Q

A relationship between two species in which one population is; inhibited and the other not affected

A

Amensalism

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8
Q

Tundra-like conditions found above tree lines on high mountains

A

Alpine Tundra

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9
Q

Human-created urban soil type, containing an abundance of pulverized concrete, dust, debris. and “fill” materials

A

Anthrosol

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10
Q

Porous underground strata (limestone, sand, or gravel) bounded by impervious rock or clay, containing significant quantities of water

A

Aquifer

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11
Q

Producing its own food (as photosynthetic plants), production (P) is greater than respiration (R)

A

Autotrophic

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12
Q

Lowermost region or bottom of a freshwater lake or aquatic ecosystem

A

Benthic Zone

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13
Q

Bottom-dwelling organisms that inhabit the bottom of rivers, lakes, and the sea

A

Benthos

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14
Q

A stratum of soil characterized by minerals, in which organic matter in the A horizon has been converted by decomposers into inorganic compounds such as silica and clay

A

B Horizon

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15
Q

Plant that requires two years to complete is vegetative and reproductive growth cycle

A

Biennial

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16
Q

Large regional or subcontinental system characterized by a particular major vegetation type
(such as a temperate deciduous forest); biomes are distinguished by the predominant plants associated with a particular climate (especially temperature and precipitation)

A

Biome

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17
Q

That part of the environment of Earth in which living organisms are found

A

Biosphere

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18
Q

Wetland ecosystem characterized by acidic conditions and accumulation of peat, dominated by sphagnum moss

A

Bog

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19
Q

Weight of having material, typically expressed as dry weight per unit area or volume

A

Biomass

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20
Q

Refers to photosynthesis or organic materials generated within the community or ecosystem

A

Autochthonous

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21
Q

Circular or semicircular group of islands encircling a lagoon, formed by coral reefs growing on the submerged slopes of a seamount

A

Atoll

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22
Q

Plant that produces a 3-carbon compound (phosphoglyceric acid) as the first step in photosynthesis; pathway of carbon fixation common in plants adapted to low temperatures, average light conditions, and adequate water supply

A

C3 plant

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23
Q

Plant that produces a 4-carbon compound (malic or aspartic acid) as the first step in photosynthesis; pathway of carbon fixation common in plants adapted to high temperatures, strong light, and low water supply

A

C4 plant

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24
Q

Biome type dominated by broadleaf scrubs and sclerophyllous woodland located in regions of Medirerranean climate, a fire-dependent ecosystem that tends to perpetuate scrub dominance at the expense of trees

A

Chaparral

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25
Q

Stratum of soil beneath the A and B horizons that is relatively unmodified by biological activity or soil-forming processes (the stratum of parent material)

A

C horizon

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26
Q

Movement of carbon, C, between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere, and the transformations (such as photosynthesis and respiration) between its different chemical forms

A

Carbon Cycle

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27
Q

(from Greek chele, “claw”) a complex formation of organic matter with metal ions (for example, chlorophyll is a chelate compound in which the metal ion is magnesium)

A

Chelation

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28
Q

Refers to a habitat or landscape patch in which the vagility of a given animal species is low relative to the size of the patch

A

Coarse-grained

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29
Q

Relationship between two species in which one population is benefited but the other is not affected

A

Commensalism

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30
Q

Includes all the populations inhatibing a specific area at the same time

A

Community

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31
Q

Depth in a lake where light penetration is so reduced that oxygen production by photosynthesis balances oxygen consumption by respiration (that is, the depth in a lake where P/R = I)

A

Compensation depth

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32
Q

Connection between two patches of landscape habitat

A

Corridor

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33
Q

Overfertilization of freshwater ecosystems by nutrients, mainly nitrogen and phosphorus, from anthropogenic sources

A

Cultural Eutrophication

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34
Q

Forest composed of trees that drop leaves during unfavorable winter conditions, temperate deciduous forest are a major biome-type in eastern North America

A

Deciduous Forest

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35
Q

Organisms, typically bacteria and fungi, that obtain energy from the breakdown of dead organic matter

A

Decomposers

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36
Q

Reduction of nitrates to atmospheric nitrogen by microorganisms

A

Denitrification

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37
Q

Biome with less than 10 inches (25 centimeters) of rainfall per year, dominated by stem succulents, such as cacti, and desert shrubs that are frequently regularly spaced in their distribution

A

Desert

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38
Q

Organisms that feed on dead or decaying organic matter (such as earthworms)

A

Detritivores

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39
Q

Dead or partially decomposed plant and animal matter; nonliving organic matter

A

Detritus

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40
Q

Food chain in which the primary producers are not consumed by grazing herbivores, but where dead and decaying plant parts form litter (detritus) on which decomposers (bacteria and fungi) and detritivores feed with subsequent transfer of energy thru the detritus food chain

A

Detritus Food Chain

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41
Q

Refers to a body of water, such as a shallow freshwater lake, with a high content of humic matter, with deeper water depleted of oxygen

A

Dystrophic

42
Q

The area of productive ecosystems outside a city that is required to support life in the city

A

Ecological Footprint

43
Q

Branch of science dealing with interactions and relationships between organisms and the environment; the study of goods and services provided by natural ecosystems, including the integration of these nonmarket services with the economic market

A

Ecology

44
Q

All the living organisms of Earth interacting with the physical environment as a whole

A

Ecosphere

45
Q

Classification of major vegetation types or ecosystems developed by R. W Bailey in 1976, based on a continuous land area in which the interaction of climate, soil, and topography permit the development of similar types of vegetation

A

Ecoregion

46
Q

A biotic community and its abiotic environment functioning as a system (first used by A. G. Tansley in 1935); a discrete unit that consists of living and nonliving parts interacting to form an ecological system

A

Ecosystem

47
Q

Zone of transition from one type of community or ecosystem to another (a transition from a forest to a grassland, for example)

A

Ecotone

48
Q

That branch of ecology concerned with the responses of individual organisms to abiotic factors such as temperature, moisture, atmospheric gases, and other factors of the environment

A

Ecophysiology

49
Q

Subspecies or local populations adapted to a particular set of environmental conditions

A

Ecotypes

50
Q

Response of plants and animals to the site where two or more communities or ecosystems meet (typically creating an increase in biotic diversity along the edge site)

A

Edge Effect

51
Q

A site where two or more structurally different communities or ecosystems meet (such as the edge of a pond or lake)

A

Edge

52
Q

Warmer oxygen-rich upper part of lake when thermally stratified during summer

A

Epilimnion

53
Q

Plant that grows on another plant but is not parasitic (such as orchid living on a tree)

A

Epiphyte

54
Q

(from Latin aestus, “tide”) partially closed embayment, such as river mouth or coastal bay; where freshwater and salt (sea) water meet and where tidal action is important physical regulator and energy subsidy

A

Estuary

55
Q

Refers to a body of water high in nutrient and productivity

A

Eutrophic

56
Q

Process of nutrient enrichment (typically of phospates and nitrates in aquatic ecosystems, resulting in increased primary productivity

A

Eutrophication

57
Q

Total loss of water by evaporation from an ecosystem, including water loss from the surface of plants, mainly through the stomata

A

Evapotranspiration

58
Q

Number of disseminules (eggs or seeds) produced by an organism

A

Fecundity

59
Q

Wetland ecosystem that receives part of is nutrient input through a flow of groundwater; wetland that is only slightly acidic, dominated by sedges

A

Fen

60
Q

Influence of gaps in landscape corridors that allow certain organisms to cross but restricts the movement of others

A

Filter Effect

61
Q

Refers to a habitat or landscape patch in which the vagility of a given animal species is high relative to the size of the patch

A

Fine-grained

62
Q

Population founded by a small number of colonists, often resulting in genetic variation markedly different from the parent population

A

Founder Effect

63
Q

Organism that feeds on fruit

A

Frugivore

64
Q

Rain forest that occurs along bank and floodplains of rivers; riverine forest

A

Gallery Forest

65
Q

(from’Greek Gaia,the Earth goddess) hypothesis formulated by James Lovelock in 1968, which holds that organisms, especially microorganisms, have evolved with the physical environment to provide control (self-regulation) and to maintain conditions favorable to life on Earth

A

Gaia Hypothesis

66
Q

Principle (first demonstrated in 1932 by G F. Gause, a Russian biologist) that states that no two species with the same ecological requirements can coexist (see competitive exclusion principle)

A

Gause Principle

67
Q

Diversity or maintenance of genotypic heterozygosity, polymorphism, and other genetic variability in a natural population

A

Genetic Diversity

68
Q

(GPS) system that determines locations on the surface of Earth, including longitude, latitude, and altitude, using radio signals from satellites

A

Global Positioning System

69
Q

Food chain originating with feeding on seeds

A

Granivorous Food Chain

70
Q

Absorption of infrared radiation by greenhouse gases. esp. CO2, in the atmosphere that was reradiated from the surface of Earth

A

Greenhouse Effect

71
Q

group of species that make their living by exploiting the same class of resources in a similar way

A

Guild

72
Q

Industrial catalytic process for synthesizing ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, discovered by Fritz Haber, a German chemist

A

Haber Process

73
Q

Analysis determining how the landscape has changed by humans affecting the size, shape, and frequency of landscape elements (patches, corridors, and matrices)

A

Habitat Fragmentation

74
Q

Law, discovered independently in 1908 by G H Hardy and W. Weinberg, stating that in a population mating at random in the absence of evolutionary forces, allele frequencies will remain constant

A

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Law

75
Q

Technique for measuring net primary productivity of herbaceous, terrestrial vegetation (such as old fields or grasslands); harvests are made periodically by clipping the vegetation at ground level from randomized sample sites, sorting to species, and then drying to a constant dry weight

A

Harvest Method

76
Q

Organism that feeds on plant material

A

Herbivore

77
Q

Individual unable to manufacture its own food from inorganic matter, which therefore consumes other organisms for its source of energy

A

Heterotroph

78
Q

(from Greek “maintaining the flow”) tendency of a system to maintain itself in a pulsing state of equilibrium

A

Homeorhesis

79
Q

Tendency of a system to resist change and maintain itself in a state of stable equilibrium

A

Homeostasis

80
Q

Containing two identical alleles at the same loci of a pair of chromosomes

A

Homozygous

81
Q

Organic matter derived from partial decay of plant and animal matter

A

Humus

82
Q

Cold, oxygen-poor, bottom part of a lake when thermally stratified during summer; zone of a lake below the thermocline

A

Hypolimnion

83
Q

Movement of new individuals into a population or habitat

A

Immigation

84
Q

Concept of community development, first proposed by H A Gleason in 1926,stating that species of plants are distributed individually with respect to biotic and abiotic factors; thus, associations result only from similar requirements

A

Individualistic Concept

85
Q

Competition between individuals of different species

A

Interspecific Competition

86
Q

Competition between individuals of the same species

A

Intraspecific Competition

87
Q

Population fluctuations controlled primarily by regulatory mechanisms (genetic, endocrine, behavioral, disease, and so on) within the population

A

Intrinsic Factors

88
Q

Functional group or population without redundancy; a species (such as a predator) having a dominating influence on the structure and functioning of a community or ecosystem

A

Keystone Species

89
Q

Heterogeneous area composed of a cluster of interacting ecosystems that are repeated in a similar manner throughout the area; landforms of a region in the aggregate; a regional level of organization between the ecosystem and the biome

A

Landscape

90
Q

Strip of vegetation that differs from the matrix and frequently connects two or more patches of similar habitat

A

Landscape Corridor

91
Q

The branch of ecology that focuses on the development and dynamics of spatial heterogeneity, the influences of spatial heterogeneity on biotic and abiotic processes among ecosystems, and the management of spatial heterogeneity at the landscape scale

A

Landscape Ecology

92
Q

Large area of similar ecosystem or vegetation types (agricultural or forest, for example) in which landscape patches are embedded

A

Landscape Matrix

93
Q

Relatively homogeneous area that differs from the surrounding matrix (such as a woodlot embedded in an agricultural matrix)

A

Landscape Patch

94
Q

As an ecosystem becomes larger and more complex, the proportion of gross productivity that must be respired to sustain growth increases (in other words, the proportion of productivity that can go into further growth declines)

A

Law of Diminishing Return

95
Q

(from Latin lenis, “calm”) refers to standing-water ecosystems such as lakes and ponds

A

Lentic

96
Q

Organism that consists of a fungus (the mycobiont) and an alga or cyanobacterium (the phycobiont) living in a mutualistic association; a lichen may be crustose, foliose, or fruticose according to species

A

Lichen

97
Q

Concept, first stated by Baron J. von Liebig in 1840, that the essential material or resource most closely approaching the minimum need tends to be the limiting one

A

Liebig Law of the Minimum

98
Q

The open water of a lake beyond the littoral zone, where P/R > 1

A

Limnetic Zone

99
Q

Study of freshwater ecosystems such as lakes

A

Limnology

100
Q

Mark-recapture method use to estimate the total population density;an index devised in 1930 by the American ornithologist Frederick C. Lincoln to estimate population density

A

Lincoln Index

Landscape Ecology (3 decks)

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