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General and ocular pharmacology > OCULAR TOXICITY > Flashcards

OCULAR TOXICITY Flashcards

1
Q

Where can systemic drugs accumulate in the eye?

A
  • melanin of the uveal tract
  • cornea
  • lens
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2
Q

Some drugs have a high affinity for…

A

melanin

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3
Q

Name an example of a drug that has a high affinity for melanin?

A

Chloroquine

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4
Q

What is problematic about chloroquine with regards to its high affinity for melanin?

A

It has a high affinity for melanin in the RPE, and then it is released very slowly, so it can persist for a long time

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5
Q

What is the adverse effect of the chloroquine-melanin complex?

A

renal toxicity

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6
Q

How do drugs bind to melanin?

A

-via vanderwaals forces or cation exchange

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7
Q

What is released when a drug-melanin complex is formed?

A

free radicals which cause renal toxicity

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8
Q

In what conditions does chloroquine cause toxicity?

A
  • Taking the drug for more than 1 year

- Total dose greater that 100g

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9
Q

Define photosensitising agent?

A

An agent that makes another substance sensitive to light

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10
Q

What do photosensitising agents bind to in the cornea, lens and retina?

A

Macromolecules

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11
Q

Name some examples of photosensitising agents:

A
  • Amiodarone
  • Phenothiazines
  • Psoralens
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12
Q

What dose of steroids correlated well with cataract formation?

A

Daily dose of steroids e.g. Prednisoone 15mg

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12
Q

What dose of steroids correlated well with cataract formation?

A

Daily dose of steroids e.g. Prednisoone 15mg

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13
Q

Which method of application of steroids causes glaucoma?

A

Topical

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14
Q

How does topical application of steroids cause glaucoma?

A

It decreases aqueous outflow.

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15
Q

What is the oculotoxic effect of amiodarone?

A

-corneal opacification

16
Q

What is the oculotoxic effect of Allorpurinol?

A

Cataract

17
Q

What is the oculotoxic effects of antidepressants?

A
  • Rise in IOP

- Acute glaucoma

18
Q

What is the oculotoxic effect of chloroquine?

A
  • corneal opacity

- retinal degeneration

19
Q

what is the oculotoxic effect of steroids?

A
  • cataracts
  • glaucoma
  • rise in IOP
20
Q

What is the oculotoxic effect of ethambutol?

A

Optic neuritis

21
Q

What is the oculotoxic effect of isoniazid?

A

optic neuritis

22
Q

What is the oculotoxic effect of phenothiazines?

A
  • corneal deposits
  • retinal degeneration
  • cataract
23
Q

What is the oculotoxic effect of phenytoin?

A

nystagmus

24
Q

What is the oculotoxic effect of sulphonamides?

A

Steven Johnsons syndrome

25
Q

What is the oculotoxic effect of Tamoxifen?

A

optic atrophy

macular degeneration

26
Q

What is the oculotoxic effect of tetracycline?

A

papilloedema

27
Q

what is the oculotoxic effect of vitamin A?

A

papilloedema

General and ocular pharmacology (9 decks)

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