Ocular Pharamacology Flashcards
Which type of drugs can penetrate the epithelium of the eye?
Lipid soluble
Hydrophobic drugs are limited in their absorption into the eye by what?
Stroma
Which steroid is commonly used in the uninflamed cornea?
Prednisolone acetate
(Hydrophobic)
Which steroid is commonly used for cornea disease or when low dose steroids are required?
Prednisolone phosphate
(Hydrophilic)
Why is prednisolone phosphate easily washed away by tears in the eye?
It cannot diffuse easily through the lipid tear film as it is hydrophilic
Which drug can aid the penetration of some hydrophilic drugs?
Benzalkonium
(disrupts lipid layer of tear film)
What may Bimatoprost be used for?
Lowering IOP in glaucoma
Which segment of the eye will be affected if an intracameral drug is used?
Anterior
Which anti-inflammatory agents can be used in the eye?
- Steroids
- Topical NSAIDs
- Anti-histamines
- Mast cell stabilises
When are topical steroids most commonly used?
- Post operation cataracts
- Uveitis
- Prevent corneal graft rejection
Which local effects in the eye can result from steroid use?
- Cataracts (steroids can be used anywhere in the body for this to occur)
- Glaucoma
- Exacerbation of viral infection
Name some systemic side effects of steroids
- Gastric ulcers
- Immunosuppression
- Osteoporosis
- Weight gain
- Diabetes
- Neuropsychiatric effects
What is glaucoma?
Group of diseases characterised by progressive optic neuropathy and characteristic visual field defects
How does Latanoprost work to treat glaucoma?
Opens outflow system
(increases sclera’s permeability to aqueous fluid)
How do beta blockers treat glaucoma?
Turns tap off
(Reduced amount of aqueous humour produced by ciliary body)
How do carbonic anhydrase inhibitors treat glaucoma?
Turns off tap
(Reduces amount of aqueous humour produced)
How do alpha2 adrenergic agonists treat glaucoma?
Turns tap off
(inhibits activity of adenylate cyclase reducing cAMP and aqueous humour production by the ciliary body)
How do parasympathomimetic drugs treat glaucoma?
Opens outflow system
(activates cholinergic receptors of the muscarinic type. Causes trabecular meshwork to open and the aqueous humor to drain)
Name a prostanoid drug used to treat glaucoma
Latanoprost
Name a beta blocker used to treat glaucoma
- Timolol
- Betaxolol
- Levobunolol
- Carteolol
Name a carbonic anhydrase inhibitor drug used to treat glaucoma
Dorzolamide (topical)
Acetazolamide (systemic)
Name an alpha2 adrenergic agonist drug used to treat glaucoma
Brimonidine
Name a parasympathomimetic drug used to treat glaucoma
Pilocarpine
Which mode of administration is used to deliver antibiotics to the eye during endophthalmitis?
Intravitreal
