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Ophthalmology > Clinical Anatomy of Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Clinical Anatomy of Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is ptosis?

A

Top eyelid drooping

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2
Q

What may ptosis cause in children left untreated?

A
  1. Amblyopia (lazy eye)
  2. Permanently reduced vision due to inability to properly develop
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3
Q

What is the name of the glands embedded in the tarsal plates of the tarsus?

A

Meibomian glands

(20-25 in total)

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4
Q

What do Meibomian glands secrete?

A

Oily substance

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5
Q

Which muscles are involved in opening the eyelid?

A
  1. Levator palpebrae superioris
  2. Muller’s muscle (superior tarsal muscle)
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6
Q

Which nerve is responsbile for providing motor innervation to the following muscles?

a) Levator palpebrae superioris
b) Superior tarsal muscle

A

a) Oculomotor (CN III)
b) Sympathetic control

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7
Q

Which muscle is involved in closing the eye and which nerve is it controlled by?

A

Orbicularis oculi

CN VII (facial nerve)

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8
Q

Horner’s syndrome is a triad of which three things?

A
  1. Anhydrosis
  2. Miosis
  3. Ptosis
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9
Q

Orbital cellulitis is often bilateral

True or false?

A

False

It is much more often unilateral

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10
Q

What does orbital cellulitis look like superficially?

A
  1. Unilateral erythema
  2. Defined orbital redness
  3. Difficult eye movements
  4. Pupil problems
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11
Q

Why is dry eyes a common problem in autoimmune conditions?

A

Lacrimal gland ducts can easily scar

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12
Q

Why may watery eyes be treated with lubricant?

A

Watery eyes may be caused by dry eyes which become watery due to overcompensation

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13
Q

What are the 3 layers of the tear film?

A
  1. Lipid phase
  2. Aqueous phase
  3. Mucus phase

(all sit above epithelium)

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14
Q

Which nerve is responsible for inducing the reflex for tear production?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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15
Q

Which nerve senses dry eyes and signals for tear production?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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16
Q

Which nerve causes tear production?

A

Facial nerve parasympathetic nerve fibres

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17
Q

Which type of conjunctiva lines

a) Inner eyelids
b) Eyeball

A

a) Palpebrae
b) Bulbar

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18
Q

What is special about the tissues forming the conjunctiva?

A

They are excellent at healing

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19
Q

How can the cornea be oxygenated anteriorly?

A
  1. Oxygen from air
  2. Palpebral conjunctiva is highly vascularised and allows oxygenation when eyes are closed
20
Q

How does viral conjunctivitis present?

A
  1. Pinkish-red eyes
  2. Watery eyes/syrupy secretion
  3. Round bumps (rice grain) on lower fornix
21
Q

In viral conjunctivitis, what does it suggest if the round bumps (rice grain) on lower fornix are

a) Bilateral
b) Unilateral

A

a) Adenoviral cause
b) Chlamydial cause

22
Q

What are the three main layers of the cornea?

A
  1. Epithelium
  2. Stroma
  3. Endothelium
23
Q

How quiickly does the corneal epithelium turnover?

A

48hrs

24
Q

The endothelium of the cornea is _______ replaced

A

The endothelium of the cornea is never replaced

25
Q

Why is the cornea transparent?

A

Collagen fibres are well organised and regularly spaced

26
Q

Why is the development of cataracts at the back of the lens worse than at the front?

A

This is where light is focussed

27
Q

How is the lens attached to the ciliary body?

A

Zonules

28
Q

Why does the ability to focus between far and near objects reduce with age?

A

Lens fibres have poor regenerating

29
Q

What are the two different aspects of the lens called?

A
  1. Outer part - Cortex
  2. Inner part - Nucleus
30
Q

What comrpises the uvea?

A
  1. Iris
  2. Ciliary body
  3. Choroid
31
Q

What are the main roles of the uvea?

A
  1. Absorbing reflected light into the eye
  2. Providing nutritional support to eye structures
32
Q

Where does aqueous humour drain?

A

Scleral venous sinus

(Canal of Schlemm)

33
Q

Where is aqueous humour secreted?

A

Ciliary processes

34
Q

What are two key signs on a slit lamp view of the eye for uveitis?

A
  1. Floating cells (like dust particles)
  2. Flare (like smoke)
35
Q

How will the eye be positioned in a complete third nerve palsy?

A

Down and out with ptosis

36
Q

Why is the trochlear nerve unique?

A

Arises from dorsal aspet of brainstem and crosses over

37
Q

Where does the trochlear nerve enter the orbit?

A

Superior orbital fissue

38
Q

What does the abducens nerve supply?

A

Motor innervation to the lateral rectus

39
Q

Where does the abducens nerve pass into the orbit?

A

Middle of the cavernous sinus

40
Q

When may an abducens nerve palsy occur?

A

Raised ICP

41
Q

Where does the abducens nerve originate?

A

Pons

42
Q

Why does optic neuritis cause pain on eye movements?

A

Optic nerve sheath is attached to the common tendinous ring

43
Q

Typically, a blow-out fracture will entrap which muscle?

A

Inferior rectus

44
Q

Where are cone cells found in their highest density?

A

Fovea

45
Q

The retina has which type of epithelium?

A

Cuboidal

46
Q

By how mnay degrees is the blind spot located temporally in the visual field?

A

15

47
Q

How may a patient describe a retinal detachment?

A
  1. Flashes of light
  2. Curtainscoming down
  3. Floaters
  4. Painless

Ophthalmology (15 decks)

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