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Preeti: Path II (2015) > Ocular Pathology (Final Exam) > Flashcards

Ocular Pathology (Final Exam) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 broad causes of corneal opacity?

A

Corneal Edema

Corneal Deposits

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2
Q

Injury to the epithelium of the cornea will

result in an ulcer. How can you confirm that an

ulcer is, in fact, present?

A

Fluorescein Dye

(Ulcer will stain green)

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3
Q

Glaucoma, due to increased IOP

results in injury to the _____thelium of the eye

A

ENDOthelium is injured in Glaucoma

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4
Q

Immune-mediated injury to the endothelium of the cornea

resulting in diffuse corneal edema (Blue Eye) in puppies

is due to survival of the acute phase of this infection

in utero

A

Infectious Canine Hepatitis

CAV-1 (Canine Adenovirus)

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5
Q

Inflammation of the cornea is known as

A

Keratitis

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6
Q

The most common disease of the Lens

A

Cataracts

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7
Q

Swelling or degeneration of the lenticular fibers

resulting in lens opacity is known as

A

Cataracts

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8
Q

What is a “hypermature” lens?

A

A lens that has undergone chronic injury

and is now shrunken, wrinkled,

and most likely mineralized

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9
Q

What are the 5 causes of cataracts?

A

Radiation (UV)

Diabetes Mellitus (high GLU in aqueous)

Trauma

Nutritional deficiency

Hereditary defect in lenticular metabolism

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10
Q

What are the 6 causes of Retinal Degeneration

and Atrophy?

A

Senile change

Inherited metabolic defect of photoreceptor cells (PRAs/SARD)

Toxicity

Metabolic deficiencies (Taurine, Vit A)

Increased IOP (Glaucoma)

Retinal detachment

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11
Q

An adult cat presents with acquired blindness.

Fundic Exam of the Retina reveals loss of photoreceptor cells,

outer nuclear layer, and plexiform layer.

What is your MDx?

A

Retinal atrophy (and degeneration)

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12
Q

An adult cat presents with acquired blindness.

Fundic Exam of the Retina reveals loss of photoreceptor cells,

outer nuclear layer, and plexiform layer.

You have ruled out age, glaucoma, metabolic deficiency, and

inherited conditions. The retina is not detached. What is your

primary differential?

A

Toxicity

(Enrofloxacin)

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13
Q

Histologically, what changes would you see in the

tissue layers of the eye in an animal with

increased intraocular pressure (IOP)/ Glaucoma?

A

Loss of nerve fiber and ganglion cell layers

but excellent preservation of photoreceptors and outer nuclear layer

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14
Q

Retinal detachment is usually due to ____

A

inflammation

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15
Q

Maturation of fibrin in vitreous humor resulting

in fibrous adhesions between ciliary bodies

is known as ________,

a tractional cause of retinal detachment

A

Cyclitic Membrane

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16
Q

In retinal detachment, the retina separates

between which layers?

A

The neural and pigmented layers

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17
Q

A detectable malformation of the trabecular meshwork

(abnormal and incomplete development of the

intraocular fluid channels)

A

Goniodysgenesis

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18
Q

Goniodysgenesis is the cause of _____ glaucoma

A

primary

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19
Q

________ glaucoma can be inherited in some breeds of dogs

A

Primary

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20
Q

________ glaucoma is the most common type of glaucoma

A

Secondary

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21
Q

Obstruction of the pupil or the trabecular meshwork is

the cause of _____ glaucoma

A

secondary

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22
Q

Exudative obstruction of the aqueous or vitreous humor

resulting in inflammation (and ultimately secondary glaucoma)

is known as

A

Endophthalmitis

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23
Q

Lens luxation can result in ______ glaucoma

A

secondary

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24
Q

A condition where the iris adheres to the cornea

A

Anterior synechia

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25
Q

A condition where the iris adheres to the lens

A

Posterior synechia

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26
Q

Enlargement of the eyeball

A

Buphthalmos

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27
Q

Increased IOP (Glaucoma) can result in a number of conditions

of the eyes. Name the 5 consequences of Glaucoma.

A

Buphthalmos

Cataracts

Corneal Edema

Lens Luxation

Retinal, Optic Nerve, and/or Iris Atrophy

Optic Disc Cupping

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28
Q

Inflammation of the eyelids

A

Blepharitis

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29
Q

Granulomatous inflammation directed against the Meibomian Gland

A

Chalazion

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30
Q

Common name for the S. aureus infection of

a hair follicle or Meibomian Gland of the eye

A

Stye

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31
Q

the mucous membrane that covers the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids

A

Conjunctiva

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32
Q

Inflammation of the mucous membrane that covers

the front of the eye and lines the inside of the eyelids.

A

Conjunctivitis

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33
Q

What is Chemosis?

A

Severe conjunctival edema

34
Q

Primary pathogens are RARE causes of

Conjunctivitis except in this species

A

CATS

35
Q

What are the 3 primary pathogens that can cause

conjunctivitis in cats?

A
  • Herpesvirus (FHV-1)*
  • Chlamydophila felis*
  • Mycoplasma felis*
36
Q

A thin layer of tissue that lies between the conjunctiva and the connective tissue layer that forms the white of the eye (sclera)

A

Episclera

37
Q

This condition, seen in herding breeds of dog, but especially

Collies, has an immune-mediated pathogenesis that

results in granulomatous keratoconjunctivitis that

is often bilaterally symmetrical

A

Nodular Granulomatous Episcleritis

38
Q

Chronic or persistent injury to the cornea

results in this response

A

Cutaneous Metaplasia

39
Q

The combination of the following is better known

as this, a response to long-term injury to the cornea:

Keratinization

Pigmentation

Epithelial hyperplasia

Subepithelial fibrosis and vascularization

A

Cutaneous metaplasia

40
Q

Keratomalacia is commonly known as

A

Melting Ulcer

41
Q

Which pathogen is commonly implicated in

keratomalacia (melting ulcers) of horses?

A

Pseudomonas auruginosa

42
Q

A bulging forward of the

posterior lining membrane of the cornea

caused by the destruction of

the substance of the cornea by infection

A

Descemetocele

(Descemet’s Membrane)

43
Q

Chronic Superficial Keratitis, is better known as ______

A

Pannus

44
Q

This condition, seen in German Shepherds, has an

immune-mediated pathogenesis which results in

characteristic inflammation of the superficial

corneal stroma

A

Chronic Superficial Keratitis (Pannus)

45
Q

The scientific name for Dry Eye,

which results from immune-mediated injury

to the lacrimal glands,

presenting as chronic irritation with notable mucopurulent

exudate

A

Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca

46
Q

Inflammation of the iris

A

Iridis

47
Q

Inflammation of the ciliary body

A

Cyclitis

48
Q

Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body

A

Anterior uveitis

49
Q

Inflammation of the choroid

A

Choroiditis/Posterior Uveitis

50
Q

Inflammation of the uvea, retina, and vitreous

A

Endophthalmitis

51
Q

Inflammation of the uvea, retina, vitreous, cornea, and sclera

A

Panophthalmitis

52
Q

Inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of the eye;

when leukocytic exudate is seen in the anterior chamber

A

Hypopyon

53
Q

abnormality in shape or form of the pupil or in the reaction of the two pupils

A

Dyscoria

54
Q

a condition in which there is apposition of the iris to the lens or anterior vitreous, preventing aqueous from flowing from the posterior to the anterior chamber.

A

Iris bombe

55
Q

The iris, ciliary body, and choroid comprise the

A

Uvea

56
Q

_____ occurs when the lens capsure separates 360 degrees

from the zonules

A

Lens Luxation

57
Q

A shrunken non-functional eye is known as

A

Phithisis bulbi

58
Q

This condition is the most common cause of blindness

in horses, ponies, and mules. It presents clinically as

periodic ophthalmia, moon blindness, and/or iridocyclitis.

Inflammation is seen in one or both eyes.

A

Equine Recurrent Uveitis

59
Q

Equine Recurrent Uveitis is due to

hypersensitivity to a previous systemic infection

particularly infection by __________

A

Leptospira interrogans

60
Q

This is the type of lens-induced uveitis

that is caused by leakage of lens proteins from hypermature cataract

A

Phacolytic

61
Q

This is the type of lens-induced uveitis

that is caused by rupture of the lens

A

Phacoclastic

62
Q

Retinitis can be caused by these 3 neurotropic viral infections

A

Rabies

Pseudorabies

Distemper

63
Q

Retinitis can be caused by these 2 parasites

that cause Visceral Larval Migrans

A
  • Toxocara canis*
  • Baylisascaris procyonis*
64
Q

Blood in the anterior chamber

A

Hyphema

65
Q

What is the most serious consequence of Hyphema?

A

Glaucoma

66
Q

In utero infection by BVD can cause this condition in lambs

A

Microphthalmia

67
Q

There is an outbreak of ewes giving birth to lambs with

craniofacial abnormalities (cyclopia). What is your

primary ddx?

A

Veratrum californicum ingestion at day 14 of gestation

68
Q

There is an outbreak of ewes giving birth to lambs with

craniofacial abnormalities (cyclopia).

What is the best approach to establish a cause?

A

Test the rumen contents for toxic plants

69
Q

In utero exposure to this teratogen can cause developmental

abnormalities in cats

A

Griseofulvin

70
Q

Choroidal hypoplasia and coloboma

are seen in this congenital bilateral eye disease.

It can be a mild disease or cause blindness and

is mostly seen in Collies

A

Collie Eye Anomaly (CEA)

71
Q

A hole that may form in or near the optic disc due to a failed closure of embryonic tissue, seen in CEA

A

Coloboma

72
Q

Retinal injuries in the embryonic eye can result in

retinal dysplasia.

These injuries are effects of infection by which

4 viruses?

A

BVD

Bluetongue

Canine Parvovirus

Feline Panleukopenia Virus

73
Q

An owner reports dark spots developing in the

bright yellow eyes of their cat. What is your primary ddx?

A

Iris Melanoma

(most common intraocular neoplasm)

74
Q

How does uveal (iris) melanoma differ in dogs and cats?

A

In cats, usually MALIGNANT

In dogs, usually BENIGN

75
Q

Which is more concerning: Melanoma of the haired skin

of the eyelid in a dog, or melanoma of the conjunctiva

in a dog?

A

Melanoma of the conjunctiva is usually MALIGNANT

where as the other is usually benign

76
Q

Ciliary (Iridociliary) Adenoma/Carcinoma

are FAR more common in ______ than in ________

A

Dogs >>>> Cats

77
Q

This type of malignant neoplasm of the uvea is very rare

and arises following ocular trauma. It is UNIQUE to cats!

A

Intraocular Sarcoma

78
Q

This is the most common metastasis involving the eye,

especially in cats.

It presents as thickening and pallor of the uvea

and is difficult to distinguish from uveitis.

A

Uveal Lymphoma

79
Q

If you have a cancer of the cornea + eyelids + conjunctiva

it is most likely

A

SCC

80
Q

All of the following can result in this disorder of the cornea:

Staphyloma (derived from the uvea)

Chronic Keratitis (response to injury)

Porphyrins from tear film (Corneal Sequestrum in Cats)

A

Corneal PIGMENTATION

Preeti: Path II (2015) (5 decks)

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