Female Reproduction (Final Exam) Flashcards
DAX1 gene promotes
______ differentiation and development
ovarian
SRY Gene promotes _____ differentiation
testicular
SorRy you’re a BOY
The precursor of female internal genetalia
Mullerian Duct
The precursor of male internal genitalia
Wolffian Duct
Male Tortoiseshell Cats
and Calico Cats
are examples of abnormalities of ______ sex
chromosomal
The Freemartin Calf, a female calf born co-twin
with a male calf
is the most common
example of a ________ in vet med
Chimera
A true hermaphrodite is the result
of an abnormality of _____ sex
gonadal
An animal in which gonadal sex does not follow chromosomal
sex is said to have this condition.
Which breeds do you see the condition in?
Sex Reversal
Cocker Spaniels
Polled Goats
This abnormality of phenotypic sex
occurs when chromosomal and gonal sex agree, but
the internal or external genitalia are ambiguous
Pseudohermaphroditism
A Miniature Schauzer with Persistent Mullerian Duct
Syndrome is said to have this condition
Pseudohermaphroditism
Paraovarian cysts in a mare are known as
Hydatids of Morgagni
Cystic Graafian Follicle is the most common type of
cystic change and occurs as a result of insufficient release of
this hormone
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Inflammation of the ovaries is known as
Oophoritis
What causes oophoritis in poultry?
Salmonella pullorum
All ________, tumors of primordial germ cells of
the embryonic gonad, are considered malignant
Dysgerminomas
This is the most common ovarian cell
tumor in cows and mares
Granulosa Cell Tumor
Call-Exner Bodies,
rosettes of tumor cells surrounding pink proteinaceous fluid
are diagnostic of this type of neoplasia
Granulosa Cell Tumors
Uterine Tubes are also known as
Oviducts
Accumulation of pus in the uterine tubes
Pyosalpinx
Cystic Gartner’s Ducts and Cystic Bartholin Glands
are seen in cows secondary to these 2 conditions
Hyperestrogenism
Local infection
Infectious Pustular Vulvovaginitis (IPV) in cattle
is a venereal disease that causes epithelial necrosis
and is caused by this virus
BHV-1
Dourine is an incurable venereal disease involving
paralysis in horses
caused by this protozoal organism
Trypanosoma equiperdum
Leiomyomas, neoplasms seen in the
uterus, cervix, and vagina,
are estrogen-dependent in dogs.
They are also known as
Fibroids
A mare dies from exsanguination during parturition.
What happened?
Ruptured Uterine Artery
Cystic ovarian follicles, Granulosa Cell Tumors,
and Zearalenone, are all sources of _______
estrogen
Prolonged hyperestrogenism can lead to
endometrial hyperplasia, which can lead to _______,
especially in dogs, if endometrial secretions accumulate
Pyometra
Presence of endometrial glands and stroma
between the muscle bundles of the myometrium
Adenomyosis
Ectopic endometrial glands that are actively growing
outside the uterus
Endometriosis
Red transverse stripes seen in the uterine horns of
dogs with prolonged blood vaginal discharge post-partum
Subinvolution of Placental Sites
This venereal disease of mares causes
temporary infertility and inflammation of the endometrium.
It must be reported immediately, but it is treatable.
What is the gram (-) bacteria that causes it?
Taylorella equigenitalis
The normal non-pregnant uterus is highly resistant to infection.
Resistance is greatly reduced during pregnancy due to
_______
progesterone
This type of uterine neoplasm is very common
in Rabbits
Uterine adenocarcinoma
You are likely to see metastasis to this organ
in a rabbit with Uterine Adenocarcinoma
Lungs
What is the most commonly encountered metastatic
neoplasm in cows, who are usually BLV +
Uterine Lymphosarcoma
What are 3 humoral factors found in milk
that contribute to natural defense of the mammary gland?
Lactoferrin
Opsonins
Immunoglobulins
______ is the most costly disease
in dairy herds
Mastitis
What are the 3 pathogens responsible
for contagious mastitis in cows
- Streptococcus agalactiae*
- Staphylococcus aureus*
- Mycoplasma* spp.
Healing by fibrosis is a characteristic trait
seen in contagious mastitis infection by
this pathogen
Streptococcus agalactiae
Abscesses, necrosis, and gangrene are potential
consequences of mastitis infection by
Staph aureus. The toxin it produces that is responsible
for these effects is
a-toxin
Contagious mastitis due to __________
is characterized by
galactogenic and hematogenous routes
and infects Cows AND Sheep
Mycoplasma bovis
Name the 4 causative agents of
Granulomatous mastitis.
Which is the only one transmitted via hematogenous route
and not iatrogenic like the others?
- Mycobacterium bovis*
- Nocardia asteroides*
- Cryptococcus neoformans*
- Candida* spp.
- M. bovis* is hematogenous
T/F:
Mycoplasma bovis causes
granulomatous mastitis
FALSE
- MycoBACTERIUM bovis* causes granulomatous mastitis.
- Mycoplasma bovis* causes contagious mastitis
Neomycin infusions in dry cows is associated
with ____ mastitis
Nocardial
Most mammary neoplasms in cats are MALIGNANT,
and most mammary tumors are
of this type
Adenocarcinomas
Hydramnios (Hydrops of the Amnion), is the excessive accumulation of fluid in the amniotic sac
and is associated with this fetal condition
Malformation of the fetus, usually facial abnormalities
Present in all equine placentae, these are proteinaceous
soft calculi, aggregated mineral and organic allantoic
concrements
Hippomanes
What type of fetal lesion is seen
in Mycotic abortions?
Dermatitis
If investigation of the placenta after abortion of a calf
shows amnionitis,
the most likely pathogen responsible is
Ureaplasma
A horse has aborted. Upon investigation of the fetus,
a fibrin cast is found in its trachea.
What has caused this abortion?
Equine Herpesvirus-1
A cow has aborted. Investigation of the fetus
shows pinpoint yellow foci in multiple organs.
What has caused this failure in pregnancy?
Listeria monocytogenes
Placental lesions resembling strawberries
are characteristic of this cause of pregnancy failure in sheep
Toxoplasma gondii
A thick, leathery, mineralized placenta
seen in goats who have aborted, is caused by this pathogen
Coxiella burnietti
A cow has aborted at week 4 of gestation.
Investigation of the placenta shows
intercotyledonary placentitis and cotyledonary necrosis.
You’re worried about your cow becoming infertile, because
you know that the infectious agent is
Campylobacter fetus ssp. venerealis
One of your cows has aborted and is now exhibiting pyometra.
Investigation of the fetal stomach contents shows
protozoal organisms. What is the infectious agent?
Tritrichomonas fetus
A few of your cows have aborted between 7 and 9 months of
gestation. Investigation of the placenta reveals necrotizing inflammation. Investigation of the fetuses show signs of
pneumonia. Now you’re really freaking out cause you know
this is a zoonotic infection.
What is your dx?
Brucella abortus
You own a farm and raise both cattle and sheep.
You have noticed a few of the cows and sheep are having
late term abortions. Investigation of the fetuses show
pinpoint yellow foci in many organs.
What is causing these last trimester abortions?
Listeria monocytogenes
Dermatitis is seen in calf fetuses that have been aborted.
What 5 specific agents are on your ddx list?
- Aspergillus fumigatus*
- Absidia*
- Mortierella*
- Rhizomucor*
- Rhizopus*
A few of your cows have aborted at months 5 - 6 of gestation.
Investigation of the fetuses shows some that are fresh,
some are autolyzed, and some are in the early stages of
mummification. What is causing these abortions?
Neospora caninum
If you suspect that Neospora caninum is the causative agent
in abortions, what organ should you collect and what do
you expect to see on histology?
Brain
Multifocal brain lesions are pathognomonic for
- Neospora caninum* (protozoa) and
- Toxoplasma gondii*
What are the 2 most common causes of
viral abortion in cattle?
BVD
Akabene Virus
A few sheep have aborted. Investigation of the placentas
show intercotyledonary placentitis.
Necropsy reveals multifocal necrotizing hepatitis.
What is causing these abortions in your sheep?
Campylobacter fetus ssp. fetus
T/F:
Campylobacter fetus ssp. fe**tus
is an important cause of infertility in cows that abort.
FALSE!
Campylobacter fetus ssp. VENEREALIS is an important agent
in cows.
C. fetus ssp. fetus causes abortions and necrotizing hepatitis in SHEEP
An interesting agent of abortion in sheep
is characterized by time of infection in utero.
If an ewe is infected early in gestation, she will abort during that same gestation.
If an ewe is infected late in gestation, she will abort during her NEXT pregnancy.
What is this agent?
Chlamydophila abortus
Why would you want to keep cats away from pregnant ewes?
Cats can spread Toxoplasma gondii to the sheep
causing them to abort.
To confirm, placental investigation will reveal strawberry lesions.
Nutritional deficiency of ______ can cause abortions
in goats
IODINE!
You’re a goat farmer with a pregnant wife. You’ve noticed
several of your goats have been aborting late in gestation,
or they are birthing weak kids. Investigation of the placenta
reveals acute, diffuse, suppurative placentitis, meaning it
looks thick and leathery, mineralized and exudative.
Your wife wants to come to the farm to bring you lunch. What do you tell her?
TELL HER FUCK NO.
This is Coxiella burnietti, a ZOONOTIC pathogen
that can cause abortions in humans (Q-Fever)
The setae of the Eastern Tent Caterpillar were implicated
in this late- term abortion syndrome in mares, which reached
epidemic proportions in Kentucky between 2001 and 2002
Mare Reproductive Loss Syndrome (MRLS)
Some of your pigs have been aborting around months 2 - 3
of gestation. Others are birthing stillborn piglets, and some
piglets have been born alive, but are very weak.
What is the agent of abortion in these pigs?
Brucella suis
Porcine parvovirus is responsible for causing this
reproductive syndrome in pigs, which
RARELY results in abortion,
but does cause a plethora of fetal/neonatal issues
SMEDI
Stillbirth, Mummification, Embryonic Death, and Infertility Complex
You’re a dog breeder and have noticed your
bitches aborting mostly right before 2 months,
but a few of them have been aborting right at 1 month
of gestation. The bitches that have aborted seem to have
vaginal discharge for a long time after aborting, which has lead
to the development of pyometra in a few of them.
What is causing this?
Brucella canis
