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My Ophthalmology > Ocular Infections > Flashcards

Ocular Infections Flashcards

1
Q

3 common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in neonates?

A

Staph aureas
N. gonorrhoea
Chlaymydia trachomatous

all babies under 2 need referred to opthalmology

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2
Q

3 common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis in adults / children ?

A

Staph aureas
Strep pneumoniae
H. influenza -esp kids

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3
Q

antibiotic that covers most bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

Chloramphenicol

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4
Q

alternative antibiotic for staph aureas in bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

fusidic acid

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5
Q

Tx of bacterial conjunctivitis caused by coliforms?

A

gentamicin

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6
Q

Tx of bacterial conjunctivitis caused pseudomonas aeruginosa?

A

gentamicin

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7
Q

Tx for chlamydial bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

oxytetracycline

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8
Q

potential S/Es of chloramphenicol

  • common
  • rare
  • rare in babies
A

Allergy - red itchy eyes
Irreversible anaplastic anaemia
Grey baby syndrome (hypotension and cyanosis in young babies)

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9
Q

effect of chloramphenicol on staph …

bactericidal or bacteriostatic???

A

bacteriostatic for staph

bacterocidal for step + H. influenza

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10
Q

“follicular grains of rice” in a lower eyelid is probably a sign of … ?

A

chlamydial conjunctivitis
Often CHRONIC in young adults
They may not have any of the GU symptoms

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11
Q

3 common viral causes of conjunctivitis?

whats most common?

A

adenovirus - #1 common
herpes simplex
herpes zoster

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12
Q

how does adenovirus conjunctivitis present?

A

pink eye
watery
no discharge

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13
Q

what is keratitis?

A

infection of the cornea

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14
Q

potential causes of non-infective conjunctivitis?

A 
#1 is allergy
toxic
autoimmune
neoplastic
reaction to contact lenses
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15
Q

how would you detect keratitis on examination?

A

look for white corneal lesion

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16
Q

how bad is bacterial keratitis?

A

it can be sight threatening

also normally only ever occurs alongside another pathology

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17
Q

management of bacterial keratitis

A
  1. admit

2. give eye drops every hour for 48 hours

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18
Q

Tx for keratitis caused by most things: Gm +/- ?? (2)

A

gentamicin

cefuroxime

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19
Q

what is the public health problem with Ofloxacin?

A

it is being over-used for corneal ulcers so developing resistance

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20
Q

what does ofloxacin cover?

A

Gm - organisms
not strep pneumoniae
used for bacterial keratitis

21
Q

how does herpatic keratitis present?

A

green eyes!!
dendritic corneal ulcers!!
very painful!!
recurrent!!

22
Q

Tx of herpetic keratitis?

A

(antiviral)

Aciclovir - esp if have dendritic corneal ulcers

23
Q

what happens if you use steroids for herpatic keratitis?

A

corneal melt + perforation woo

24
Q

most common cause of keratitis

A

viral — adenovirus

25
Q

How does adenoviral keratitis present?

  • Hx
  • sign O/E
A

Hx of URTI
Subepithelial infiltraties
commonly bilateral cause so contagious

26
Q

what fungal infection causes keratitis in people who wear contacts?

A

ACANTHOMOEBA

a - can - tho - moeba

27
Q

2 causes of fungal keratitis?

A

acanthamoeba - contacts

pseudomonas aeruginosa - dodgy water sources + soil

28
Q

dangerous complication of orbital cellulitis?

A

compartment syndrome

Orbital only - not preseptal

29
Q

5 common causes of orbital cellulitis (all quite standard)

A 
staph
strep
coliforms
H. influenza
anaerobes
30
Q

common recent Hx of orbital cellulitis - where has infection come from?

A

Paranasal sinusitis

31
Q

management of orbital cellulitis??

A

CT for an abscess
Assess if any damage to the nerves, or any muscle restriction
G.A and drainage

32
Q

What is endophthalmitis?

A

infection of the whole eye
very painful + red
sudden onset - typically post-surgery
NORMALLY commensal - #1 is staph epidermidis

33
Q

Tx of endophthalmitis?

A

Inreavitreal (into eye) antibiotics

  • vancomycin
  • cefrazidime
  • amikacin

+ topical antibiotics
+/- systemic antibiotics

34
Q

what is chorioretinitis?

A

Chorioretinitis is an inflammation of the choroid (thin pigmented vascular coat of the eye) and retina of the eye. It is a form of posterior uveitis

35
Q

3 causes of chorioretinitis

- 1 rare in UK

A

rare = CMV (cytomegalovirus) in AIDS

Toxoplasma gondii

Toxocara canis

36
Q

tell me about toxoplasma gondii

A

A CAUSE OF CHORIORETINITIS

  1. protozoan nematode
  2. cats and raw meat
  3. get mild flu symptoms
  4. normally no complications so no Tx
  5. if immunocompromised = get cysts
37
Q

tell me about toxocara canis

A

A CAUSE OF CHORIORETINITIS

  1. parasitic nematode
  2. cats and dogs
  3. stays in worm form
  4. rare - forms granulomas causing irreversible vision loss
38
Q

what kind of sample is taken if you suspect bacterial keratitis?

A

corneal scrape

39
Q

what kind of sample do you take if you suspect endopthalmitis?

A

culture of aqueous / vitreous

40
Q

what samples do you take for chorioretinitis? (different for each)

A

acanthamoeba = microscopy / contact lense culture

toxoplasma / toxocara = serology

41
Q

what antibiotic “action” does chloramphenicol do?

inhibit. …
- protein synthesis?
- nucleic acid synthesis?
- cell wall synthesis?

A

protein synthesis !!

42
Q

what is dacrocystitis?

A

lacrimal system gets blocked up + swollen due to infection.

43
Q

2 bacterial causes of anterior uvieitis ?

2 viral causes?

A

TB + syphilis

herpes S + Z

44
Q

pain
photophobia
hypopyon
keratic precipitates

what am I?

A

anterior uveitis

45
Q

what is blepharitis?

A

infection of the eyelids

generally similar to conjunctivitis with grit + mild discharge

46
Q

what causes anterior blepharitis? (2)

whats the difference in presentation?

A

staphylococcal - ulcers (styes) and trichiasis (ingrown eyelashes)

seborrheic - dandruff + chalaxia cysts. 50% have acne rosacea.

47
Q

what eye condition is associated with acne rosacea?

A

sebhorreic blepharitis

48
Q

what presents with a white corneal lesion?

A

bacterial keratitis

My Ophthalmology (7 decks)

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