Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

S3 Case 4 - Endocrine > Ocular Disorders > Flashcards

Ocular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different disorders?

A

Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD)
Cataract
Diabetic retinopathy
Glaucoma
Under-corrected + uncorrected refractive error

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What secondary conditions are people with vision impairment at greater risk to?

A

Falls
Depression
Increased risk of hip fracture
Increased early mortality
Social isolation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the retina contain?

A

Rods + cones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are rods?

A

Sensitive to light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are cones?

A

Sensitive to colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do cones need to be activated?

A

Light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe macula

A

Rich in cones
Degenerates = loses ability to see colours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What can happen if the retina detaches?

A

Leads to blindness if not fixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is AMD?

A

Chronic degenerative condition that affects central vision = not enough blood supply to area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Why does central vision disappear in AMD?

A

Deterioration of pigment layer of retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the functional implications of AMD?

A

Difficulty distinguishing people’s faces
Difficulty with close work
Perceive straight lines as distorted/curved
Difficulty identifying edge of step
Unable to determine traffic light changes
Difficulty reading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is cataract?

A

Clouding of the lens inside the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why is blurred vision caused in cataract?

A

Light is scattered as enters eye = blurred vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What can cause cataract?

A

Long term use of corticosteroids
Exposure to UV light
Ageing, smoking + diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the functional implications of cataract?

A

Blurred vision
Reduced contrast
Difficulty judging depth
Halo/double vision around lights at night
Sensitive to glare + light
Dulled colour vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is diabetic retinopathy?

A

Small blood vessels of retina leak + bleed inside the eye
= “clouds” that obstruct sight

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are the functional implications of diabetic retinopathy?

A

Difficulty with fine details
Fluctuations in vision
Blurred, hazy or double vision
Difficulty seeing at night/low light
Sensitive to glare + light
Difficulty focusing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Increased intraocular pressure due to malfunction in aqueous humour drainage system = optic nerve damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What can relieving the pressure do in glaucoma?

A

Reduces progression of the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

When is it considered closed angle glaucoma?

A

If trabecular meshwork is physically blocked by peripheral iris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

When is it considered open angle glaucoma?

A

Still open but NO drainage system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are the risk factors for glaucoma?

A

Extreme refractive error
Diabetes
Migraine
Cataracts
Previous eye injuries
Sleep apnoea
Male
Corticosteroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the functional implications of glaucoma?

A

Difficulty adjusting to lighting changes
Occasional blurred vision
Halo around lights
Increased sensitivity to glare + light
Difficulty identifying edge of steps/road
Tripping over

24
Q

What is refractive order?

A

Focusing disorder of the eye

25
Q

What is refractive order correctable by?

A

Glasses
Contact lens
Laser surgery

26
Q

What are the different refractive disorders?

A

Hyperopia
Myopia
Astigmatism
Presbyopia

27
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Object focuses behind retina
= see far objects

28
Q

What is myopia?

A

Object focuses in front of retina
= see close objects

29
Q

What is astigmatism?

A

Abnormal shaped cornea
= object partially clear + other blurred

30
Q

What is presbyopia?

A

Rigidity of lens
= unable to focus

31
Q

What are the risk factors of refractive error?

A

People over 40 should have regular eye tests to eliminate refractive error

32
Q

What are the functional implications of refractive error?

A

Long-sightedness (hyperopia)
Short-sightedness (myopia)
Blurred vision (astigmatism)
Difficultly seeing near objects (presbyopia)

33
Q

What is a hordeolum (stye)?

A

Inflammatory infection of hair follicle

34
Q

What is a chalazion (meibomian cyst)?

A

Collection of fluid/soft mass cyst

35
Q

What is blepharitis?

A

Inflammation of margin of eye lids

36
Q

What is entropion?

A

Inversion of eye lid into eye

37
Q

What is ectropion?

A

Out-turned eye lids

38
Q

What are the disorders of the eye lid?

A

Hordeolum
Chalazion
Blepharitis
Entropion
Ectropion
Conjunctivitis

39
Q

What is the mechanism of conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation of conjunctiva

40
Q

What is the etiology of conjunctivitis?

A

Viral/bacterial
Irritants

41
Q

What are the signs + symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A

Redness/swelling/itching
Tearing exposed to light
Pus
Contagious

42
Q

How is bacterial conjunctivitis treated?

A

Chloramphenicol
Lid hygiene

43
Q

How is viral conjunctivitis treated?

A

Lubricants
Steroids if keratitis

44
Q

How is chlamydial conjunctivitis treated?

A

GUM clinic
Azithromycin

45
Q

How is allergic conjunctivitis treated?

A

Lid hygiene
Mast cell stabiliser
Antihistamine
Steroid

46
Q

What treats ocular inflammation?

A

Corticosteroids
Steroid-antibiotic combinations
NSAIDS
Oral analgesics

47
Q

What treats ocular infection?

A

Topical antibiotics
Oral antibiotics
Anti-viral
Analgesics

48
Q

What are mydriatics?

A

Drugs that cause pupil dilation

49
Q

What may mydriatics be used for?

A

Examine fundus
Pain relief

50
Q

What are the cautions when using mydriatics?

A

Blur vision
Take care with stairs, curbs, hot liquids
Do not drive till blurring resolves

51
Q

What are miotics?

A

Constrict pupil

52
Q

What are miotics used to treat?

A

Glaucoma

53
Q

What is an example of miotics?

A

Pilocarpine

54
Q

What can miotics cause?

A

Night blindness
Stinging
Brow ache/spasm

55
Q

What may happen wit long term use miotics?

A

Difficult to dilate

S3 Case 4 - Endocrine (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions