Ocular Flashcards
Acetylcholine
C: Direct muscarinic agonist
M: Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow
T: Cataract surgery, treatment of glaucoma
SE: –
MISC: “Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating”
Pilocarpine HCl (Salagen)
C: Direct muscarinic agonist
M: Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow
T: Cataract surgery, treatment of glaucoma
SE: –
MISC: “Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating”
Carbachol (Miostat)
C: Direct muscarinic agonist
M: Pupillary constriction, increased aqueous outflow
T: Cataract surgery, treatment of glaucoma
SE: –
MISC: “Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating”
Echothiophate iodide (Phospholine)
C: Indirect muscarinic agonist
M: Irreversibly binds cholinesterase
T: Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
SE: –
MISC: “Bronchospasm, salivation, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, tenesmus, lacrimation, sweating”
Atropine
C: Antimuscarinic
M: Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
T: Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
SE: –
MISC: “Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary
retention”
Scopolamine
C: Antimuscarinic
M: Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
T: Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
SE: –
MISC: “Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary
retention”
Homatropine (Equipin)
C: Antimuscarinic
M: Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
T: Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
SE: –
MISC: “Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary
retention”
Cyclopentolate (Cyclogyl)
C: Antimuscarinic
M: Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
T: Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
SE: –
MISC: “Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary
retention”
Tropicamide (Mydriacyl)
C: Antimuscarinic
M: Pupillary dilatation; paralysis of ciliary body
T: Cycloplegia for eye exams, improve discomfort during active eye inflammation (ueveitis)
SE: –
MISC: “Ataxia, nystagmus, restlessness, mental confusion, hallucination, violent and aggressive behavior, insomnia, photophobia, urinary
retention”
Edrophonium (Enlon)
C: Nm agonist M: Destroys acetylcholinesterase T: Diagnose myasthenia gravis SE: -- MISC: --
Ephinephrine
C: Direct adrenergic agonist
M: Dilation of episcleral vessels –> increased aqueous outflow
T: Glaucoma
SE: Extrasystoles, palpitation, hypertension, myocardial infarction, trembling, paleness, sweating
MISC: –
Dipivefrin HCl (Propine)
C: Direct adrenergic agonist M: Prodrug of epinpehrine T: -- SE: -- MISC: --
Hydroxyamphetamine (Paredrine)
C: Indirect adrenergic agonist M: Release NE T: Separates 1st and 2nd from 3rd order neuron dysfunction in Horner's syndrome; positive dilation means 1st or 2nd order, an ominous sign SE: -- MISC: --
Cocaine
C: Indirect adrenergic agonist M: Prevent reuptake of NE T: -- SE: -- MISC: --
Apraclonidine (Iopidine)
C: Direct α-agonist M: Amino derivative of clonidine; does not cross blood-brain barrier --> minimal effect on systemic blood pressure T: -- SE: -- MISC: --
Phenylephrine (Neo-Synephrine)
C: Direct α1-agonist M: -- T: Dilate pupil SE: Extrasystoles, palpitation, hypertension, myocardial infarction, trembling, paleness, sweating MISC: --
Clonidine (Catapres)
C: Direct α2-agonist M: Lowers intraocular pressure through central nervous system effects T: -- SE: -- MISC: --
Brimondine tartrate (Alphagan)
C: Direct α2-agonist
M: Suppresses aqueous humor production through action of cAMP in non-pigmented ciliary epithelium
T: –
SE: –
MISC: Contraindicated with follicular conjunctivitis; use with MAOi can cause fatigue/drowsiness
Dapiprazole
C: α-antagonist M: Blocks alpha-adrenergic receptors in smooth dilator muscle of iris T: Reverses tropicamide, phenylephrine SE: -- MISC: Not currently available
Tamsulosin (Flomax)
C: α1-antagonist M: Antagonist T: Prostate hypertrophy SE: -- MISC: Blocks iris dilator muscle, making cataract surgery much more difficult and with a much higher incidence of complications
Timolol (Timoptic)
C: β-blocker
M: Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process
T: Glaucoma
SE: “Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression,
fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia”
MISC: Contraindicated in CHF, asthma; bradycardia over time may produce tachyphylaxis
Levobunolol (Betagan)
C: β-blocker
M: Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process
T: Glaucoma
SE: “Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression,
fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia”
MISC: –
Metipranolol (OptiPranolol)
C: β-blocker
M: Non-selective β1+2 blocker without significant intrinsic sympathomimetic activity (weak membrane stabilization, weak mycoardial depressant)
T: Glaucoma
SE: “Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression,
fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia”
MISC: Only b-blocker that doesn’t follow the rule
Carteolol (Ocupress)
C: β-blocker
M: Antagonist
T: Glaucoma
SE: “Bradycardia, hypotension, syncope, palpitation, congestive heart failure, bronchospasm, mental confusion, depression,
fatigue, lightheadedness, hallucinations, memory impairment, sexual dysfunction, hyperkalemia”
MISC: –
Betaxolol (Betoptic)
C: β1-blocker M: Reduce intraocular pressure by reducing aqueous production at the ciliary process T: Glaucoma SE: -- MISC: --
Latanoprast (Xalatan)
C: Prostaglandin analog
M: Increase uveoscleral outflow
T: Glaucoma
SE: Eyelash growth, change in iris color, intraocular inflammation
MISC: Contraindicated in cystoid macular edema and herpes
Travoprost (Travatan)
C: Prostaglandin analog M: Increase uveoscleral outflow T: Glaucoma SE: Eyelash growth, change in iris color MISC: Contraindicated in cystoid macular edema and herpes; more effective in African Americans
Bimatoprost (Lumigan)
C: Prostaglandin analog M: Increase uveoscleral outflow T: Glaucoma SE: Eyelash growth, change in iris color MISC: Contraindicated in cystoid macular edema and herpes
Unoprostone isopryl (Rescula)
C: Prostaglandin analog M: Increase uveoscleral outflow T: Glaucoma SE: Eyelash growth, change in iris color MISC: Least effective overall
Nifedipine (Procardia)
C: Ca-channel blocker M: Increases ocular perfusion at nervehead T: Glaucoma SE: -- MISC: --
Dorzolamide HCl (Trusopt)
C: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor
M: Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump
T: Glaucoma
SE: Red eyes, lid allergies
MISC: Contraindicated in sulfonamide allergies
Acetazolamide (Diamox)
C: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor M: Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump T: Glaucoma SE: -- MISC: --
Brinzolamide (Azopt)
C: Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor M: Reduce aqueous production via interfere with the active transport of Na through Na-K-ATPase pump T: Glaucoma SE: Red eyes, lid allergies MISC: --
