October Flashcards
– is commonly used to treat acute hypophosphataemia in adults
Intravenous infusion of phosphate polyfusor
– with a history of malignancy? Think liver metastasis
Hepatomegaly
Spironolactone may cause —
gynaecomastia
— need same day assessment by ENT
Auricular haematomas
The most common organism causing infective exacerbations of COPD is —
— is classically seen in alcoholics. Chest x-ray features may include abscess formation in the —/– lobes and empyema.
— is a cause of atypical pneumonia which often affects younger patients, frequently those living in crowded accommodation. It is associated with a number of characteristic complications such as erythema multiforme and cold — —- anemia.
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae- middle/upper
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
autoimmune hemolytic anemia.
— —is characterised by extremely high serum PTH with moderately raised serum calcium
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
– with impaired GCS: give IV Glucose if there is access
Hypoglycaemia
Asymptomatic patients with an abnormal HbA1c or fasting glucose must be confirmed with —– before a diagnosis of type 2 diabetes is confirmed
a second abnormal reading
— coma typically presents with confusion and hypothermia.
Myxoedema
Failure to comply with thyroxine replacement will result in an increase in — associated with a low —.
However, patients often compensate before having their blood tests done or before their review by clinic by taking extra tablets of thyroxine.
This results in elevated/normal— without suppression of – as levels of the latter requires days to weeks to change.
TSH
fT4
fT4
TSH
— work by increasing urinary excretion of glucose
Important as it is the cause of main side effects - increased —, – loss, UTI
SGLT-2 inhibitors
urine output
weight
Increase insulin release from pancreas - this is the mechanism of action of — e.g. gliclazide.
sulphonylureas
Drug MOA:
Decrease glucagon release from pancreas - — reduce the breakdown of incretins, which thereby decreases – secretion.
DPP4-inhibitors
glucagon
– is the most common cause of heel pain seen in adults. The pain is usually worse around the — calcaneal tuberosity.
Plantar fasciitis
medial
— thyroiditis (–’s) is the most common cause of hypothyroidism and is associated with other a– diseases
Autoimmune
Hashimoto
autoimmune
The first line treatment in amoebiasis is:
metronidazole
— is the initial imaging modality of choice for suspected Achilles tendon rupture
Ultrasound
– is used in the management of variceal haemorrhage
Terlipressin
– or p– are the SSRIs of choice in breastfeeding women
Sertraline
paroxetine
Risk malignancy index (RMI) prognosis in ovarian cancer is based on : x3
US findings, menopausal status and CA125 levels
The maximum rate of IV potassium infusion that can be conducted without monitoring is –mmol/hour
Potassium infusions are usually given in pre-prepared bags to ensure the appropriate amount of K+, e.g. normal saline –%/–mmol KCl IV, over -hrs.
10
0.9%/40mmol
4hrs
Both l– and u– can be used more than once in the same cycle
levonorgestrel
ulipristal
If angina is not controlled with a beta-blocker, a – should be added
calcium channel blocker
The — vein passes anterior to the medial malleolus and is commonly used for venous cutdown
long saphenous
Patients with suspected neoplastic spinal cord compression should have an urgent
MRI of the whole spine
SVC obstruction can cause visual disturbances such as –
blurred vision
Anthracyclines (e.g. doxorubicin) may cause —
cardiomyopathy
BRCA2 mutation is associated with – cancer in men
prostate
HPV subtypes — are carcinogenic and increase the risk of cervical cancer
16,18, 33
If neoplastic spinal cord compression is suspected, high-dose oral — should be given whilst awaiting investigations
dexamethasone
Vincristine is associated with —.
Urinary hesitancy may develop secondary to bladder atony.
peripheral neuropathy
— is a tumour marker in colorectal cancer and has a role in monitoring disease activity
Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA)
Epilepsy + pregnancy = -mg folic acid
Epilepsy + pregnancy = 5mg folic acid
—- may present with haemorrhagic or thrombotic complications due to DIC.
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Cardiotocography (CTG) records pressure changes in the – using internal or external pressure transducers
uterus
– and — should never be combined as there is a risk of serotonin syndrome
SSRIs
MAOIs
Irradiated blood products are used to avoid transfusion-associated – disease
graft versus host
Fragile X - associated with — prolapse
mitral valve
Akathisia is a sense of –
inner restlessness and inability to keep still
– is a recognised serious side effect of suxamethonium among those who are susceptible and requires IV dantrolene therapy
Malignant hyperthermia
Respiratory system
Antibiotics used to treat:
-Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis
-Uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia
-Pneumonia possibly caused by atypical pathogens
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
-Within 5 days of admission:-
-After 5days:
Exacerbations of chronic bronchitis-
Amoxicillin or tetracycline or clarithromycin
Uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia-
Amoxicillin (Doxycycline or clarithromycin in penicillin allergic, add flucloxacillin if staphylococci suspected e.g. In influenza)
Pneumonia possibly caused by atypical pathogens -Clarithromycin
Hospital-acquired pneumonia
Within 5 days of admission: : co-amoxiclav or cefuroxime
More than 5 days after admission: piperacillin with tazobactam OR a broad-spectrum cephalosporin (e.g. ceftazidime) OR a quinolone (e.g. ciprofloxacin)
Urinary tract
Lower urinary tract infection:
Acute pyelonephritis:
Acute prostatitis:
Lower urinary tract infection Trimethoprim or nitrofurantoin. Alternative: amoxicillin or cephalosporin
Acute pyelonephritis Broad-spectrum cephalosporin or quinolone
Acute prostatitis Quinolone or trimethoprim
Skin
Impetigo Cellulitis Cellulitis Erysipelas Animal or human bite Mastitis during breast-feeding
Impetigo Topical hydrogen peroxide, oral flucloxacillin or erythromycin if widespread
Cellulitis Flucloxacillin (clarithromycin, erythromycin or doxycycline if penicillin-allergic)
Cellulitis (near the eyes or nose) Co-amoxiclav (clarithromycin, + metronidazole if penicillin-allergic)
Erysipelas Flucloxacillin* (clarithromycin, erythromycin or doxycycline if penicillin-allergic)
Animal or human bite Co-amoxiclav (doxycycline + metronidazole if penicillin-allergic)
Mastitis during breast-feeding Flucloxacillin
Ear, nose & throat
Throat infections Sinusitis Otitis media Otitis externa** Periapical or periodontal abscess Gingivitis: acute necrotising ulcerative
Throat infections Phenoxymethylpenicillin (erythromycin alone if penicillin-allergic)
Sinusitis Amoxicillin or doxycycline or erythromycin
Otitis media Amoxicillin (erythromycin if penicillin-allergic)
Otitis externa** Flucloxacillin (erythromycin if penicillin-allergic)
Periapical or periodontal abscess Amoxicillin
Gingivitis: acute necrotising ulcerative Metronidazole
Genital system
Gonorrhoea Chlamydia Pelvic inflammatory disease Syphilis Bacterial vaginosis
Gonorrhoea Intramuscular ceftriaxone
Chlamydia Doxycycline or azithromycin
Pelvic inflammatory disease Oral ofloxacin + oral metronidazole or intramuscular ceftriaxone + oral doxycycline + oral metronidazole
Syphilis Benzathine benzylpenicillin or doxycycline or erythromycin
Bacterial vaginosis Oral or topical metronidazole or topical clindamycin
Gastrointestinal
Clostridium difficile
Campylobacter enteritis
Salmonella (non-typhoid)
Shigellosis
Clostridium difficile First episode: metronidazole
Second or subsequent episode of infection: vancomycin
Campylobacter enteritis Clarithromycin
Salmonella (non-typhoid) Ciprofloxacin
Shigellosis Ciprofloxacin
Patients over the age of 60 who present with — should be investigated for colorectal cancer
iron deficiency anaemia
Small cell lung carcinoma secreting – can cause Cushing’s syndrome
ACTH
Clostridium difficile antigen positivity only shows —, rather than –
exposure to the bacteria
current infection
Dermatophyte nail infections - use oral –
terbinafine
Tamoxifen may cause increased risk of – cancer
endometrial
