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A core Concepts Of Biology Module 2 > OCR A > Flashcards

OCR A Flashcards

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1
Q

stem cell

A

a cell that is, unspecialised / not differentiated ; capable of, division / mitosis ; able to, differentiate / specialise / become other cell types ;

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2
Q

place that contains stemcells in plants

A

cambium / meristem / early embryonic cells ;

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3
Q

need fo mitosis

A

growth (of tissue / organism) ; replace (cells) / repair (tissues) ; asexual reproduction/cloning / producing genetically identical cells ; maintain chromosome number in all cells ;

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4
Q

advantages of stm cells

A

1 greater availability of cord cells / more likely to find donors;
2 easier to harvest / no pain for donor ;
3 cells at earlier stage of development ;

4 can be stored for future, use/repair / gene therapy, of donor ; 5 slightly mismatched cord cells work (almost) as well as marrow cells ;
increased probability of survival

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5
Q

cell signalling

A

communication between cells / AW ;
cell, recognition / identification ; cells work together / coordination between action of different cells ; to trigger, response / reaction ( inside the cell) ;
2

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6
Q

phospholipid (bilayer) / phospholipid head ;

A

to act as a barrier (to, polar / charged, particles) / select what enters or leaves cell ;

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7
Q

protein / glycoprotein / intrinsic protein / protein channel / protein pump / transport protein / carrier protein

A

allow communication across membrane OR allow, polar / charged, particles to pass through membrane ;

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8
Q

cholesterol ;

A

stabilise the membrane OR maintain / affect / control / AW, fluidity OR reduces permeability to, polar / charged, particles ;

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9
Q

how glycolprotein acts a receptior

A 
(receptor) specific shape / described  ; 
 complementary to (shape of), trigger / named trigger / communicating ;                                                                                                      molecule ;                                  (trigger / AW) binds / attaches to receptor ;
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10
Q

struvted asssocated witht the cytoplasm for cell movement

A

flagellum / cilium / microtubule / microfilament / undulipodium ;

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11
Q

processs that relys on cytoskeleton for movement

A

(movement inside cells of)
chromosomes / chromatids (in cell division) ; (cytoplasm in) cytokinesis ; organelles / named organelle ;
RNA (in protein synthesis) ; proteins ;
2

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12
Q

what happens if DNA not checked

A

mutation / faulty DNA produced / error in copying ; daughter cells will not receive identical genetic information ; proteins / (daughter) cells, not made / do not function ;
2

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13
Q

meiosis vs mitosis daughter cells

A

haploid / half genetic information / chromosome number is n ;
genetic information not identical / produces genetically different cells ; 4 cells produced ;

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14
Q

resolution

A

ability to see (two) objects (that are close together) as separate objects / AW ; see detail ;

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15
Q

tissure

A

collection / group, of cells (of one or more types) ; (cells), working together OR with, common / same, function ;

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16
Q

function of mesosome in prokaryotes

A

production of ATP ; aerobic respiration ;

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17
Q

adaptatyions of guard cells

A

A1 a vacuole ; E1 to take up water / to become turgid ;

A2 cell wall thicker on one side ; E2 causes, cell to bend / open stoma(ta) ;

A3 mitochondria ; E3 generates ATP (for active transport) ;

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18
Q

processes that occur during interphase

A

1 checking, genetic material / DNA / chromatin / chromosome(s) / genes, (for errors) ;

2 protein synthesis ;

3 synthesis / replication / increase in number of, organelles / named organelle ;

4 ATP production / respiration ;

5 cell growth / increase in cell, volume / size ;

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19
Q

two ways cell divisions differs in plants than animals

A

in plant

(cell) , plate / wall, forms (between new cells) ; idea of : cytokinesis starts from middle of cell ;
(only) occurs in meristem ;

no centrioles ;

AVP ;
2

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20
Q

roles of the cyto skeleton

A

1 provides, strength / stability / support (cell) ;

2 determines shape / changes shape / moves membrane (for endo / exocytosis) ;

3 movement of, organelles / named organelle / RNA / protein / chromosomes / chromatids ;

4 attachment to / hold, organelles / named organelle, in place;

5 make up, centrioles / spindle fibres ;

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21
Q

how is the neutrophil specialised

A

1 (many) lysosomes / vesicles containing enzymes ;

2 (many) microfilaments / microtubules OR ref to, extensive / well developed, cytoskeleton ;

3 (many) ribosomes / (a lot of) rough endoplasmic reticulum / (a lot of ) RER ;

4 (many) mitochondria ;

5 (lots of) Golgi ;

6 (many) receptor (sites) on, cell surface / plasma , membrane

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22
Q

how water passes through the csm

A

fit between (phospho)lipids / through (phospho)lipid (bi)layer ;

via, protein channels / protein pores / aquaporins ;

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23
Q

why plant cells nah burst when placed inside pure water

A

cell wall ;

provides strength / withstands (internal) pressure / prevents cell membrane over expanding / exerts pressure potential ;

limits uptake of water ;

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24
Q

function of the golgi

A

production of vesicles / packaging proteins ;

modification of / processing of / adding carbohydrate to , proteins ;

production of lysosomes ;

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25
Q

why nuclear envolpe has pores

A

allow movement (of substances) in or out of nucleus ;

correctly named substance (entering or leaving nucleus) ;

ref to correct destination of substance

26
Q

function of lysosome

A

contain / release , lysins / lytic enzymes / hydrolytic enzymes / digestive enzymes ;

digest / break down , organelles / foreign objects / toxins / cells / pathogens ;

apoptosis / autolysis / described ;

27
Q

organ

A

idea of more than one (type of) tissue ;

working together / performing a function(s) ;

28
Q

active transport

A

(movement of substances) against / up , concentration gradient or from low to high concentration ;

using , ATP / (metabolic) energy ;

using a , transport / carrier , protein ;

29
Q

componants of the csm

A

phospholipids ; proteins ; glycoproteins ; cholesterol ; glycolipids

30
Q

two examples of AT in cells

A

(mineral) ions / salts / named e.g, (into) root hair (cell) ;

hydrogen ions (out of) companion cells ;

(mineral) ions / salts / named e.g, (across) endodermis ; sucrose out of sieve tube at sink ;

31
Q

difference between magnification and resolution

A

magnification is the number of times larger the image is compared to the object ;

resolution is ability to, distinguish / differentiate between, two separate points OR the, level / degree, of detail that can be seen ;

32
Q

function of the nuclear pores

A

allow communication between nucleus and cytoplasm or allow, molecules / named substances, to, enter / leave (the nucleus

33
Q

features light microscope cant see

A

(named) membranes / phospholipid bilayer ; ribosomes ; Golgi ; endoplasmic reticulum / ER / RER / SER ; cytoskeleton / microtubules / microfilaments / spindle fibres ; centrioles ; vesicles / lysosomes ; mitochondria ;

34
Q

three roles of membraines inside the cell

A

form / produce / make, compartments / organelles / named organelles (within a cell) / AW ;

isolation / AW, of, contents (of organelle) / substance / named substance / reactions / metabolic pathways ;

site for attachment of, enzymes / other named molecules / ribosomes ;

provide selective permeability / described ;

creation of, concentration gradients / specific environments / described ;

35
Q

how vesicles moved from one place to the next

A

cytoskeleton / microtubule / microfilament ; provide, pathways / tracks, (for movement) ;

(vesicle) moves along, microfilaments / microtubule ;

microtubules, extended / broken down ;

uses, ATP / (metabolic) energy ; AVP

36
Q

how are extracellular enzymes secreated from the cell

A

exocytosis ; vesicle fuses / merges ; (with), cell surface / plasma, membrane ;

discharging / releasing, enzyme / contents (to exterior

37
Q

how proteins on the memebrane of vesicles ensure vesicle transported to right place

A

receptor found only on, correct / target, (named) organelle ; idea that: address protein provides a way of, labelling / identifying / recognising, the vesicle ; protein / has a specific shape ; (shape of) receptor and (address) protein are complementary

38
Q

wy must gnetic material replicate before division

A

idea that: cells, genetically identical / have same DNA ;

so both (daughter) cells receive a full, copy / complement

39
Q

homologous chromosome

A

1 one maternal and one paternal / AW ; 2 carry same genes ;

3 carry, same / different, alleles ; 4 (usually) same / similar, length ;

5 centromere in same position ; 6 same banding pattern ;

7 pair up in meiosis / form bivalent ;

40
Q

squamous epitioal vs ciliated epitihelial

A

squamous acts as a surface

or

short (diffusion) pathway ;

alveoli

or

cheek lining

or

in blood vessels ;
ciliated move, mucus / AW
or
secrete mucus ;

bronchioles

or

bronchi

or

trachea

or

airways ;

41
Q

why plant cells don’t lysis

A

1 cell (cytoplasm) has a lower water potential than (distilled) water / ORA ;

2 water moves (into cells) , down water potential gradient / from high  to low  ;

3 (water) enters the cell by osmosis ;

4 idea of: cell surface / plasma, membrane (of blood cell) weak so, bursts / cannot withstand pressure / haemolyses ;

5 idea of: (plant) cell wall , strong / provides support, so, does not burst / can withstand pressure ;

6 (plant) cell becomes turgid / turgidity increases, which reduces water uptake ; 4 max

QWC – two technical terms used in context and spelt correctly ;

42
Q

how the root epidermal cells absorb minerals from soil and how are these cells specialised

A

1 active, transport / uptake ;

plus any two from: 2 cells have, extensions / hairs ;

3 thin cell wall ;

4 large / increased, surface area ;

5 many / more, mitochondria ;

6 (many) carrier proteins in cell (surface) membrane ;

43
Q

how are the cells in a muliticellular organism organised

A

(cells) differentiate(d) / specialise(d) ;

(groups of) cells form tissue(s) ;

(groups of) tissues form organ(s) ;

(groups of organs) form organ system(s) ;

(group of) cells / tissues / organs / organ systems, work together / interact ;

named example of a tissue / an organ /an organ system ;

44
Q

how csm contribute to cell singalling

A

communication between cells ;

idea that: molecule released by one cell, attaches to / causes change in, another cell ; release of signal molecule by, exocytosis / secretion OR described ;

idea that: proteins / glycoproteins / glycolipids, act as / have, receptors OR described ;

idea that: receptor / signal, is specific ;

idea that: shape of receptor and signal are complementary ;

idea that: attachment of signal molecule causes change (inside cell / on cell surface) ;

cell surface membrane allows entry of some signal molecules

45
Q

describe structure of csm

A

phospholipid bilayer containing proteins ;

head / hydrophilic region, facing outwards OR tail / hydrophobic region, facing inwards ;

ref to intrinsic and extrinsic (glyco)proteins / described ;

idea of: glycoproteins / glycolipids, sticking out (of bilayer / membrane);

cholesterol, inside bilayer / between phospholipids

46
Q

describe the effect of heigh temperatuees on csm

A

phospholipids / (named) molecules, vibrate more / move around more / have more kinetic energy ;

increases, size / number, of gaps, in membrane / between phospholipids ;

bilayer, becomes more fluid / melts ;

proteins / glycoproteins, denatured ;

47
Q

describe the effect of heigh temperatures on csm

A

phospholipids / (named) molecules, vibrate more / move around more / have more kinetic energy ;

increases, size / number, of gaps, in membrane / between phospholipids ;

bilayer, becomes more fluid / melts ;

proteins / glycoproteins, denatured ;

48
Q

two thinga plant cells have that animal cells dont

A

cellulose / cell, wall ;

chloroplast(s) ; starch grain(s) / amyloplast(s) ; large / permanent, vacuole ;

tonoplast ; plasmodesma(ta) ;

49
Q

one thing found in animals and not plants

A

centriole / glycogen granule ; ACCEPT lysosomes, cilia, flagella

50
Q

how cells work together to release proteins

A

1 nucleus , contains gene (for protein) / site of transcription / produces mRNA ;

2 ribosomes / rough endoplasmic reticulum / RER, site of, protein synthesis / translation ;

3 vesicles for transport (of protein) ;

4 Golgi (apparatus / body), processes / modifies / (re)packages, proteins ;

5 (vesicles) fuse to, cell surface / plasma, membrane

51
Q

role of the cyto skeleton

A

1 (whole) cell, support / stability / scaffolding / maintain shape ;

2 movement of, cilia / flagella / undulipodia OR use of cilia / flagellum / undulipodium to move cell ;

3 changing shape of cell / cytokinesis / pseudopodia / phagocytosis / endocytosis / exocytosis / muscle contraction ;

4 (named) organelles, moved / held in place ;

5 movement of, chromosomes / chromatids / (m)RNA ;

52
Q

the detailed structure of cells visible only with an electron microscope

A

ultrastructure

53
Q

group of organs working together to perform an essential function

A

organ system

54
Q

mitochondria

A

produces ATP

55
Q

SER

A

SER / smooth endoplasmic reticulum transport / production / processing, of, fats / lipids / steroids / carbohydrates

56
Q

why cant you see the mito with a light micro?

A

mitochondrion / cristae, too small ;

resolution (of light microscope), not high (enough) OR idea of only, 0.2µm / 200nm ;

wavelength of light too long ;

57
Q

describe and explain the function of the components of the csm

A

A1 phospholipids form bilayer /described OR phospholipid hydrophobic tails pointing inwards and hydrophilic heads pointing out ;
F1 provide barrier to, large / polar / (named) molecules OR ions OR described ;

A2  proteins form, pores / channel / carriers       OR       extrinsic / intrinsic / transmembrane / described,                                                                                  proteins ; 
 F2  for (active) transport / cotransport /                                                               facilitated diffusion       OR        enzymes ;

A3 cholesterol molecules fit, within bilayer / between phospholipid / between fatty acids / between (phospholipid OR hydrophobic) tails ; F3 stabilise membrane (structure) / regulates fluidity
A4 glycoproteins / glycolipids , on surface / sticking out from surface, (of cell surface membrane) ;

F4 cell signalling / receptor sites / adhesion / antigens / recognition OR stabilising (cell shape) ;

58
Q

which component of the csm becomes more fluid as temp increases

A

phospholipid) bilayer ;

59
Q

which component of the csm becomes more fluid as temp increases

A

phospholipid) bilayer ;

60
Q

DNA codes for the structure of polypeptides.

State the role of messenger RNA (mRNA).

A

DNA codes for the structure of polypeptides.

State the role of messenger RNA (mRNA).

61
Q

Explain why different enzymes are involved in each stage of the digestion process

A

enzymes are specific ; the , carbohydrate molecules / substrates , are different shapes ; active site and substrate are complementary ; so that substrate will fit / formation of ESC ; lock and key / induced fit ;

62
Q

Explain why the activity of enzyme 2 falls to zero at pH 7.

A

pH much , higher / less acidic , than optimum (for enzyme 2) ; change in charge of active site ; hydrogen / ionic , bonds break ; tertiary structure / 3D shape / active site shape , altered ; enzyme / tertiary structure , denatured ; substrate no longer fits active site / ESC does not form

A core Concepts Of Biology Module 2 (10 decks)

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