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A core Concepts Of Biology Module 2 > CIE paper 4 > Flashcards

CIE paper 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells with respect to their
DNA

A

eukaryotic 1. linear / strands 2. in nucleus associated with, proteins or
histones 4. in chromosomes
prokaryotic circular ;free) in cytoplasm ; nakednot in chromosomes ;

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2
Q

ATP is described as having a universal role as the energy currency in all living organisms.
Explain why it is described in this way

A

energy is released when it is hydrolysed ; A equation A joules for
energy
easily hydrolysed ;
(energy) used in, processes / reactions ; A named process
rapid turnover ;
links catabolic and anabolic reactions / AW ;
found in, most cells / all organisms ;
soluble so easily moved (within cell) ;
ATP produced from variety of reactions ; A named reactions

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3
Q

State precisely two places where ATP is synthesised in cells

A

2
3
4
ETC / inner mitochondrial membrane / crista / stalked particles ;
grana / thylakoids / inner chloroplast membrane ;
cytoplasm / cytosol ;
mitochondrial matrix ;

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4
Q

Describe the structure and synthesis of ATP and its universal role as the energy currency
in all living organisms.

A

nucleotide ;
adenine + ribose / pentose + three phosphates ;
loss of phosphate leads to energy release / hydrolysis releases
30.5 kJ ;
ADP + Pi ↔ ATP (reversible reaction) ;
synthesised during, glycolysis / Krebs cycle / substrate level
phosphorylation ;
synthesised, using electron carriers / oxidative phosphorylation /
photophosphorylation ;
in, mitochondria / chloroplasts ;
ATP synthase / ATP synthetase ;
chemiosmosis / description;
used by cells as immediate energy donor ;
link between energy yielding and energy requiring reactions / AW ;
active transport / muscle contraction / Calvin cycle / protein synthesis ;

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5
Q

Outline the behaviour of chromosomes during meiosis.

A 
do not credit marking points out of sequence 
prophase 1 
1 idea of condensation of chromosomes ; 
2 homologous chromosomes pair up / bivalent formed ; 
metaphase 1 
3 homologous chromosomes / bivalents, line up on equator ; 
4 of spindle ; 
5 by centromeres ; 
6 independent assortment / described ; 
7 chiasmata / described ; 
8 crossing over / described ; 
anaphase 1 
9 chromosomes move to poles ; 
10 homologous chromosomes / bivalents, separate ; 
11 pulled by microtubules ; 
12 reduction division ; 
metaphase 2 
13 chromosomes line up on equator ; 
14 of spindle ; 
anaphase 2 
15 centromeres divide ; 
16 chromatids move to poles ; 
17 pulled by microtubules ; 
9 (a) 
18 ref. haploid number ;
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6
Q

Describe the ways by which gene mutations can occur

A 
change in, base / nucleotide, sequence (in DNA) ; 
20 during DNA replication ; 
21 detail of change ; e.g. base, substitution / addition / deletion 
22 frame shifts / AW ; 
23 different / new, allele ; 
24 random / spontaneous ; 
25 mutagens ; 
26 ionising radiation ; 
 (b) 
27 UV radiation / mustard gas ;
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7
Q

Outline the need for energy in living organisms using named examples

A

1 ATP as universal energy currency ;
2 light energy needed for photosynthesis ;
3 ATP used conversion of GP to TP ;
4 ATP used to regenerate RuBP ;
5 (energy needed for) anabolic reactions ;
6 protein synthesis / starch formation / triglyceride formation ;
7 activation energy ;
8 (activate) glucose in glycolysis ;
9 active transport ;
10 example ; e.g. sodium / potassium pump
11 movement / locomotion ;
12 example ; e.g. muscle contraction / cilia beating
13 endocytosis / exocytosis / pinocytosis / bulk transport ;
10 (a)
14 temperature regulation ; Describe the consequences for the cell of the following statements.

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8
Q

• Each cell has only a very small quantity of ATP in it at any one time. • The molecules, ATP, ADP (adenosine diphosphate) or AMP (adenosine monophosphate) rarely pass through the cell surface membrane

A
  1. (cell uses) ATP as source of energy ;
  2. ATP broken down ;
  3. (so) cell must regenerate ATP ;
  4. from ADP and Pi ;
  5. ref. ADP / AMP, must be synthesised in the cell
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9
Q

Describe the structure of a mitochondrion and outline its function in a plant cell

A
  1. 0.5–1.0 µm, diameter / width ;
  2. double membrane ;
  3. inner membrane folded / cristae ;
  4. hold, stalked particles / ATP synthase / ATP synthetase ;
  5. site of ETC ;
  6. ref. H + and intermembrane space ;
  7. ATP production ;
  8. oxidative phosphorylation / chemiosmosis ;
  9. matrix is site of, link reaction / Krebs cycle ;
  10. enzymes in matrix ;
  11. 70S ribosomes ;
  12. (mitochondrial) DNA ;
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10
Q

State two ways in which the structure of ATP differs from the structure of an adenine nucleotide in a DNA molecule.

A

contains ribose (not deoxyribose) ;

has three phosphate groups (not one) ;

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11
Q

Name the molecule that is required to react with ATP in order to convert ATP into ADP and an inorganic phosphate.

A

water

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12
Q

Describe the first division of meiosis (meiosis I) in animal cells

A

reduction division / (to) halve number of chromosomes / diploid to haploid / AW ; 2. homologous chromosomes pair up / bivalents form ; 3. ref. chiasmata / ref. crossing over ; 4. homologous chromosome pairs / bivalents, line up on equator ; 5. independent assortment ; 6. spindle / microtubules, attached to centromeres ; 7. chromosomes of each pair pulled to opposite poles ; 8. by shortening of, spindle / microtubules ; 9. nuclear envelopes re-form ; 10. cytokinesis / AW

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13
Q

State why rubisco is said to have quaternary structure.

A

made up of more than one polypeptide

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14
Q

Describe how the structure of ATP is related to its role as energy currency

A

1 small ;

2 water soluble ;

3 easily transported around the cell ;

4 easily hydrolysed (to release energy) ;

5 (so) relatively large quantity of energy released

/

30.5

kJ

mol–1 ;

6 idea of, rapid turnover

/

small cellular ATP content is sufficient for cell’s requirements ;

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15
Q

role of mineral ions

A

Fe2+ oxygen transport

/

haemoglobin structure ; red blood cell
Na+ co-transport in the kidney proximal convoluted tubule

/

epithelial ;
Ca+ synaptic transmission

/

described ; neurone

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16
Q

(a) Explain how meiosis and fertilisation may result in genetic variation in offspring

A

chiasma / crossing over ;

between non-sister chromatids ;

of, homologous chromosomes / bivalent ;

in prophase 1 ;

exchange of genetic material / AW ; R genes unqualified

linkage groups broken ;

new combination of alleles ;

independent assortment (of homologous chromosomes) ;  
 R random assortment

at equator ;

(during) metaphase 1 ;

possible mutation ;

random mating ;

random fusion / fertilisation of gametes

17
Q

) Explain how changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA may affect the amino acid sequence in a protein.

A
  1. (amino acid) code is three, bases / nucleotides ; A triplet code
  2. (gene) mutation ; R chromosome mutation
  3. base / nucleotide, substitution / addition / deletion
  4. addition / deletion, has large effect (on amino acid sequence) ;
  5. frame shift ;
  6. completely new code after mutation / alters every 3 base sequence which follows ;
  7. substitution may have little or no effect / silent mutation ;
  8. different triplet but same amino acid / new amino acid in non-functional part of protein ;
  9. substitution may have big effect (on amino acid sequence) ;
  10. could produce ‘stop’ codon ;
  11. sickle cell anaemia / PKU / cystic fibrosis ;
  12. reference to transcription or translation in correct context ; A description
18
Q

Suggest an explanation for each of the following Foods containing starch made up mostly of amylose have lower GIs than foods containing starch made up mostly of amylopectin

A

1 amylose has 1–4 bonds / amylopectin has 1–4 bonds plus 1–6 bonds ; 2 amylose, digested / broken down to glucose / acted on by amylase, more slowly ; 3 because fewer sites for enzyme to work on / AW ; accept ora

19
Q

(a) Describe how crossing over and independent assortment can lead to genetic variation

A

1 occur during meiosis I ; crossing over 2 between non-sister chromatids ; 3 of, (a pair of) homologous chromosomes / a bivalent ; 4 in prophase 1 ; 5 at chiasma(ta) ; 6 exchange of genetic material / AW ; R genes unqualified 7 linkage groups broken / AW ; 8 new combination of alleles (within each chromosome) ; independent assortment 9 of homologous chromosomes pairs / bivalents ; 10 each pair lines up independently of others ; 11 line up on equator ; 12 (during) metaphase 1 ; 13 results in gametes that are genetically unique / AW

20
Q

Describe how an insecticide could irreversibly inhibit acetycholinesterase

A

1 permanently ;

2 binds with / blocks, active site ;

3 binds with, another part of enzyme / allosteric site ;

4 change (shape) of active site ;

21
Q

Explain how changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA may affect the amino acid sequence in a protein

A

1 code is three, bases / nucleotides ; A triplet code

2 (gene) mutation ; R chromosome mutation

3 base, substitution / addition / deletion ;

4 addition / deletion, large effect (on amino acid sequence) ;

5 frame shift ;

6 completely new code after mutation / alters every 3 base sequence which follows ;

7 (substitution) often has no effect / silent mutation ;

8 different triplet but same amino acid / new amino acid in non-functional part of protein ;

9 (substitution) may have big effect (on amino acid sequence) ;

10 could produce ‘stop’ codon ;

11 sickle cell anaemia / PKU / cystic fibrosis ;

12 reference to transcription or translation in correct context ; A description

12a AVP ; e.g. protein produced, is non-functional / not produced / incomplete

22
Q

Explain the role of ATP in active transport of ions and in named anabolic reactions.

A

Active transport or anabolic reactions

  1. ATP provides energy (linked to either) ; ignore ref. to energy currency alone

active transport 2. movement against concentration gradient ;

  1. carrier / transport, protein (in membrane) ; ignore pump
  2. binds to (specific) ion ;
  3. protein changes shape ;

anabolic reactions 6. synthesis of complex substances from simpler ones ;

  1. starch / cellulose / glycogen, from, monosaccharides / named monosaccharides / named sugar ;
  2. glycosidic bonds ;
  3. lipid / triglyceride, from fatty acids and glycerol ;
  4. ester bonds ;
  5. polypeptides / proteins, from amino acids ;
  6. peptide bonds ;
  7. other named polymer from suitable monomer ;
  8. appropriate named bond ;
23
Q

Bacteria are members of the kingdom Prokaryota. Describe the main features of a bacterial cell.

A

a) 1. DNA not surrounded by nuclear membrane / no nucleus;
2. (prokaryote) DNA is circular;
3. DNA not associated with histones; A naked DNA
4. plasmids (may) be present;
5. no (double) membrane-bound organelles; A no, mitochondria / chloroplasts
6. no, ER / Golgi; A ribosomes not attached to membranes
7. ribosomes,70S / 18 nm / smaller (than eukaryotic cells);
8. cell wall made of, peptidoglycan / murein / amino sugars / AW;
9. (usually) unicellular;
10. 0.5 to 5.0 µm diameter; A any value between 0.5 and 5.0 as long as µm is used
11. AVP; (may) have, flagella / pili / capsule / slime layer [8 max

24
Q

Explain what is meant by the term water potential

A

tendency of water molecules to move from one region to another

/

potential
energy of water

/

ability of water to do work ; [1]

25
Q

Explain how meiosis and fertilisation can result in genetic variation amongst offspring

A

1 chiasma

/

crossing over ; 2 between non-sister chromatids ; 3 of, homologous chromosomes
/
bivalent ; 4 in prophase 1 ; 5 exchange of, genetic material
/
DNA ; R genes unqualified 6 linkage groups broken ; 7 new combination of alleles ; 8 random
/
independent, assortment of, homologous chromosomes
/

bivalents (at equator) ; 9 (during) metaphase 1 ; 10 random
/
independent, assortment (of, sister chromatids

/

chromosomes)
at metaphase 2 ; 11 possible chromosome mutation ; 12 random mating ; 13 random, fusion
/
fertilisation, of gametes ; [max 8]

26
Q

Some insecticides have a similar structure to acetylcholine. Suggest how these insecticides may affect the functioning of acetylcholinesterase.

A

) acts as a competitive inhibitor ; complementary (shape) to active site ; binds with
/
blocks, active site ; ACh not, broken down
/
hydrolysed ;

A core Concepts Of Biology Module 2 (10 decks)

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