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Bichem > Ochem review > Flashcards

Ochem review Flashcards

1
Q

What macromolecules are most prominent in the human body?

A

Water
Protein
Lipids
Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

What functional groups make up amino acids?

A

amino and carboxylate groups

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3
Q

What makes up lipids?

A

3 fatty acids linked to glycerol via ester bonds

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4
Q

what makes up proteins?

A

amino acids linked by amide (peptide) bonds

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5
Q

what is the difference between carboxylic acid and carboxylate groups?

A

Carboxylic acids contain a hydrogen that carboxylate groups do not

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6
Q

saturated and unsaturated

A

Saturated fats contain no double bonds and unsaturated contain double bonds

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7
Q

Aerobic glycolysis

A

Lactate (hydroxy group) is converted to pyruvate (keto group) via lactate dehydrogenase enzymes

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8
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis

A

Pyruvate (Keto group) is converted to lactate (hydroxyl group).

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9
Q

Condensation reactions

A
  • condenses two molecules into one creating a new functional group
  • requires energy and holds energy
  • produces water
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10
Q

Anhydrides

A

condensation between 2 acid groups creating a high energy bond

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11
Q

organic anhydride

A

two carboxyllic acids

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12
Q

mixed anhydride

A

one carboxyllic acid and one phosphoric acid

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13
Q

phospho-anhydride

A

two phosphoric acids (energy storage)

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14
Q

ATP components

A

phosphoanhydride bonds
phosphomonoester bond
glycosidic bond
alcohol groups

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15
Q

Acids

A
  • electron pair acceptor

- has a hydrogen proton associated with it

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16
Q

Bases

A
  • electron pair donating

- usually a charge, but not always (ammonia)

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17
Q

Covalent bonds

A

sharing electrons between two atoms complete on their outer shell

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18
Q

Non-polar covalent

A

electrons are shared almost equally

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19
Q

polar covalent bonds

A

the electron cloud is more dense around one atom so the electrons are not shared equally

20
Q

electronegativity

A

the relative affinity an atom has for an electron (Nitrogen and Oxygen are more electronegative than Carbon and therefore have a partial negative charge when bonded)

21
Q

Hydrogen Bonds

A

Weak interactions that are easily formed and easily broken due to partial charges in interactions

  • examples
  • base pairing in DNA (AT weaker and lower melting point)
  • enzyme-substrate interactions
22
Q

Hydrophillic Molecules

A
  • soluble in water

- requires formation of charge based interactions

23
Q

Hydrophobic Molecules

A

-insoluble in water

24
Q

Solubility rule of thumb

A

C:(O+N) ratio
if 4:1 or less, soluble
if 7:1 or more, insoluble

25
Q

Amphipathic molecules

A

distinct hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions

  • example
  • fatty acid chain has hydrophobic tail and hydrophilic head
26
Q

micelles

A

lipid bilayer

27
Q

Phosphate transfer

A

A phosphate group (from ATP) is transferred to another molecule to create a phosphomonoester bond
-catalyzed by Kinases

28
Q

Phosphate Cleavage

A

the phosphate is removed from a compound when the phospohmonoester bind is hydrolyzed
-catalyzed by phosphatases

29
Q

Rearrangement Reactions

A

bonding pattern undergoes rearrangement but the overall molecular formula stays the same
-Structural isomers

30
Q

Condersation-Hydrolysis Reactions

A

the condensation of 2 molecules forming a single molecule with a byproduct of water
-require ATP

31
Q

Hydrolysis Reactions

A

the disassembly of polymers to their monomeric units

-requires water, not energy

32
Q

Oxidation reactions

A

loss of H-atoms and gain of O atoms

-use dehydrogenases

33
Q

Reduction Reactions

A

gain of H atoms and loss of O atoms

-use oxidases/ reductases

34
Q

Dehydrogenase

A

enzyme that removes 2 hydrogen atoms from a substrate

35
Q

Oxidases

A

Enzyme that add 1 oxygen atom to a substrate

36
Q

Reductases

A

Enzyme that adds 2 Hydrogen atoms to a substrate

37
Q

Acid-Base reactions

A

An acid is a proton donor and a base is a proton acceptor

38
Q

pH

A

-log[H+]

39
Q

Strong Acids

A

completely dissociate

-no PKA

40
Q

Weak Acids

A

dissociate to a limited extent

-has pka

41
Q

Ka

A

Ka= [base][H+]/[Acid]
pKa=-log[Ka]
the lower the pKa, the stronger the acid

42
Q

Henderson-Hasselbach Equation

A

pH=pKa + log [Conjugate Base]/[Acid]

43
Q

Buffers

A

a weak acid and its conjugate base.
two factors: the buffers pH range (within 1 pH units) and the buffers concentration (buffering capacity)
-when pH of solution=pKa, conjucate base=acid
-when pH>pKa, conjugate base > acid
-when pH

44
Q

Absorption of charged molecules

A

Charged molecules are not absorbed

Non charged molecules are absorbed

45
Q

pKa ranges for carboxylic acids and amino groups

A

Carboxylic acid= 2-7 ( acid uncharged, conjugate base charged)
Amino groups= 6-10 (acid charged, conjugate base uncharged)

46
Q

If pH = pKa, is the drug absorbed?

A

50% of the drug is absorbed because half of it is charged and cannot be absorbed, and the other half is uncharged and can be absorbed

Bichem (9 decks)

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