bioenergetics sucka

Question 1

bioenergetics

Answer 1

describes the transfer and utilization of energy in biological systems (mitochondria)

Question 2

Energy

Answer 2

• the ability to do work

- energy is neither created nor lost, just converted into different forms

Question 3

free energy change

Answer 3

• delta G
• provide a measure of the energetic feasibility of a chemical reaction
• allows us to predict whether a reaction will take place or not

Question 4

metabolism

Answer 4

• all of the chemical reactions that take place inside the organism
• when pathways intersect to form integrated network of chemical reactions

Question 5

gibbsFree energy change

Answer 5

• measure of the energy transfers between chemical reactions.
• enthalpy and entropy
• deltaG=deltaH-TdeltaS
• depends on concentration of reactants and product

Question 6

Enthalpy

Answer 6

• delta H

- a measure of the change in heat content of the reactants and prodcts

Question 7

Entropy

Answer 7

• deltaS

- a measure of the change in randomness or disorder of the reactants and products

Question 8

Exergoinc

Answer 8

• deltaG is negative
• can happen spontaneously
• energy is released

Question 9

Endergonic

Answer 9

• deltaG is positive
• cannot happen spontaneously
• energy must be added

Question 10

when deltaG=0

Answer 10

• the reactant and product reach equilibrium

- reaction will continue, but deltaG wont change

Question 11

Standard free energy

Answer 11

the free energy change under standard conditions

• when A and B are equal, standard free energy=gibbs free
• not possible in body system

Question 12

Metabolic pathway

Answer 12

• organized reactions in multistep sequences

- the product of one reaction serves as the substrate of the subsequent reaction

Question 13

free energy change of a metabolic pathway

Answer 13

• when overall deltaG is negative, the pathway can proceed even if some individual steps are positive
• the actual rate of the pathway depends on the activity of the enzymes that catalyze each step.

Question 14

Favorable reactions

Answer 14

-happen spontaneously all the time

Question 15

Unfavorable reactions

Answer 15

-never can happen in a living organism

Question 16

Coupling of favorable/unfavorable reactions

Answer 16

• coupled reactions with overall negative deltaG allow the unfavorable reaction to proceed.
• the favorable and unfavorable reactions must share a common intermediate to couple
• ATP–>ADP+PI is favorable
• Glucose+PI—>glucose-6-P is unfavorable
• they work together lets gooooooooo

Question 17

What makes up adenosine/Guanosine?

Answer 17

Adenosine- ribose+adenine

guanine-ribose+guanidine

Question 18

What makes up AMP

Answer 18

adenosine+alpha bond of phosphomonoester

Question 19

What makes up ADP

Answer 19

Adenosine+alpha bond of phosphomonoester+beta bond of phosphoaldehyde

Question 20

Catabolism

Answer 20

• releases the energy stored in the complex during their break down to simple end products.
• exergonic reactions
• stored in NADH or used to synthesize ATP
• carbohydrates—>CO2

Question 21

Anabolism

Answer 21

• consumes energy to synthesize complex molecules from simple precursors
• endergonic reactions
• fatty acids–>lipids
• divergent process in which few common precursors form a wide variety of complex products.

Question 22

Metabolic maps

Answer 22

• provides a big picture so you can see how individual pathways work in conjunction with each other
• shuttling of metabolic intermediates
• visualize what happens when one enzyme is blocked by disease or drug(detours)

Question 23

purposes of catabolic pathways

Answer 23

1. capture energy in the form of ATP or reduced compounds(NADH,NADPH) from the degradation of energy rich-fuel molecules
2. Allows dietary molecules stored in cells to be converted into building blocks to be used for the synthesis of complex molecules(intermediates of catabolic make energy for anabolic)

Question 24

Steps of a catabolic pathway

Answer 24

1. Hydrolysis of complex molecules(to component building blocks)
2. Conversion of building blocks to simple intermediates(acetylCoA) with some capture of energy
3. Oxidation of acetly CoA(TCA cycle is common final step to produce NADH and FADH2)

Question 25

regulation of metabolism

Answer 25

• -all pathways must be coordinated so end products meet the needs to the cell
• cells do not function in isolation, but interact as tissues and organs
• system with regulators signals that inform the cells for the metabolic state of the body
• want to maintain a steady state.