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Oceanography > Oceanography Final Exam > Flashcards

Oceanography Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q 
Match the following systems or "spheres" with the material they are made of:
Water
A) atmosphere     
B) biosphere         
C) lithosphere       
D) asthenosphere                 
E) hydrosphere
A

E) hydrosphere

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2
Q 
Match the following systems or "spheres" with the material they are made of:
Brittle Rock
A) atmosphere     
B) biosphere         
C) lithosphere       
D) asthenosphere                 
E) hydrosphere
A

C) lithosphere

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3
Q 
Match the following systems or "spheres" with the material they are made of:
“Plastic”, malleable rock
A) atmosphere     
B) biosphere         
C) lithosphere       
D) asthenosphere                 
E) hydrosphere
A

D) asthenosphere

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4
Q

__ is a chemical change in precipitation due to air pollution.

A

Acid Rain

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5
Q

A general explanation of a natural phenomena that has been well tested and is generally accepted by the scientific community is a _________.

A

Theory

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6
Q

The Bloom’s level of cognitive skill that involves a basic understanding is ______.

A

Comprehension

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7
Q

At present which is the best explanation for the formation of the Universe?
A) stellar evolution
B) the big bang
C) the nebular hypothesis

A

B) the big bang

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8
Q

The formation of the solar system occurred about ______ years ago.

A

4 to 5 billion

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9
Q

The largest stars while in their main sequence stage are ________

A

Blue

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10
Q 
Of the stages listed, the last stage of stellar evolution of medium mass stars, similar in size to the Sun, is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ stage.
A) neutron star                     
B) supernova                        
C) black hole                        
D) white dwarf
A

D) white dwarf

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11
Q

What is the correct order of formation of the Earth?

A

accretion of nebular material, iron falls toward center, outgassing forms oceans and atmosphere.

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12
Q

Life probably originated in ______

A

The Oceans

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13
Q

_______ is the process of forming life from the organic compounds

A

Biosynthesis

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14
Q

Contributions by early Chinese scientists and philosophers include _____________.
A) suggesting that the Earth was very old
B) designing and developing rudders and watertight compartments
C) retrofitting their ships with multi-masts to sail more efficiently with changing winds
D) developing seagoing methods that allowed them to stay at sea for nearly four months
E) all of these

A

E) all of these

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15
Q

Which of the following statements is true about Christopher Columbus and his explorations?

A) He was the first explorer to see the mainland of North America.
B) One of Columbus’ biggest mistakes is that he estimated the Earth to be only about half of its true size.
C) Like many explorers of his day, Columbus thought the Earth was flat.
D) His goal was to discover new lands.
E) All of these.

A

B) One of Columbus’ biggest mistakes is that he estimated the Earth to be only about half of its true size.

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16
Q

True or False: One common problem of early voyaging was finding longitude (east-west position), this was solving by using the newly invented seagoing clock.

A

True

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17
Q

True or False: The first known awareness of the spherical shape and size of the Earth occurred thousands of years ago in Egypt.

A

True

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18
Q

The point within the Earth at which an earthquake starts is called the _____

A

Focus

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19
Q

Which of the following is the fastest seismic body wave?
A) p-wave
B) s-wave
C) surface wave
D) Rayleigh wave E) Love waves

A

A) p-wave

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20
Q

The layer of the Earth that is made up of solid iron with some impurities is the _____

A

Inner Core

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21
Q

The layer of the Earth that is made up of brittle rock and has earthquakes is the ____

A

Lithosphere

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22
Q

Most of the heat within the Earth comes from _______________

A

radioactive decay

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23
Q

_________________ plate boundaries are where plates are destroyed

A

Convergent

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24
Q

Seafloor spreading occurs near ___________

A

mid-oceanic ridges

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25
Q

The type of plate boundary found at the Aleutian Islands westward off the coast of Alaska is a ______________ plate boundary.

A

convergent

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26
Q

The type of plate boundary found at the San Andreas fault is a _________ plate boundary.

A

transform fault

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27
Q

The youngest seafloor occurs along ____________

A

mid-oceanic ridges

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28
Q

Why was Continental Drift not accepted by the scientific community?

A

Alfred Wegener was not able to explain how the continents moved.

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29
Q

Continental drift is a(n) ______________ and plate tectonics is a(n) __________________.

A

failed hypothesis; theory

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30
Q

The shallowest major units of the ocean are the _____________

A

continental margins

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31
Q

The average depth of the ocean is __________

A

2.5 miles

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32
Q

A continental shelf, continental slope, and a trench is a(n) _____________________.

A

active continental margin

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33
Q

Which part of the continental margin is the least sloped and is an extension of the land?

A

continental shelf

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34
Q

________ form when sediment fills in and smoothes the rough seafloor.

A

Abyssal plains

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35
Q

Convergent plate boundaries are found at ____________

A

trenches

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36
Q

Divergent plate boundaries are found at ________

A

mid-oceanic ridges

37
Q

What is missing at an active continental margin?

A

continental rise

38
Q

______ sediment comes from land.

A

Terrigenous

39
Q

The seafloor sediment from dead marine plants and animals is _________ sediment

A

biogenous

40
Q

Larger sand-sized sediment carried to the ocean by rivers tends to ________

A

be deposited along the continental shelf

41
Q

___________ are not found in the deep ocean below the CCD because unlike other sediments

A

Calcareous oozes

42
Q

Volcanic ash that falls in the ocean and settles to the bottom as sediment is an example of _______ sediment.

A

terrigenous

43
Q

___________ is able to retrieve sediment samples from deep within the ocean floor.

A

Deep sea drilling

44
Q

_______________ is often used for oil and gas exploration because it shows layering in the ocean sediments but it does not bring samples to the surface

A

Seismic surveying

45
Q

A polar molecule is one that ___________

A

has separated charge so one end has a + charge and the other has a - charge

46
Q

_______ is the amount of thermal energy contained by a substance.

A

Internal energy

47
Q

Which has more internal energy, the water in a water heater or the water in a glass of ice tea?

A

The water in a water heater.

48
Q

How does the heat capacity of water compare to other common substances?

A

It is one of the highest.

49
Q 
Which of the following is least dense? 
A) ice at 0° C                        
B) liquid water at 0° C        
C) liquid water at 4° C        
D) liquid water at 100° C
A

ice at 0° C

50
Q 
Which of the following is least dense? 
A) warm fresh water           
B) cold fresh water              
C) warm salty water            
D) cold salty water
A

warm fresh water

51
Q

The process that changes water vapor to liquid water is ___________

A

deposition

52
Q

______ in the change from liquid water to ice.

A

Heat is removed

53
Q

The density of water ________ as temperature increases from 0°C to 30°C.

A

increases to 4°C and then decreases

54
Q

_______ uses sound produced by the “lookers” to measure underwater distances

A

Active sonar

55
Q

The average surface salinity of the open oceans is ____________

A

35 ppt

56
Q

The amount of _________ dissolved in the water is relatively stable because, unlike the other gases listed, there are no processes that add or remove significant amounts of it from the water.
A) oxygen
B) nitrogen
C) carbon dioxide

A

nitrogen

57
Q 
Of the following primary components of air, which has the highest percentage in air? 
A) argon                                
B) nitrogen                            
C) oxygen                             
D) carbon dioxide
A

B) nitrogen

58
Q 
Of the following primary components of air, which has that most effect on weather? 
A) argon                                
B) nitrogen                            
C) oxygen                             
D) carbon dioxide
A

D) carbon dioxide

59
Q

In which of the layers of the atmosphere is the ozone layer, which has been depleted by human pollution, found?

A

stratosphere

60
Q

Which of the layers of the atmosphere is nearest the surface?

A

troposphere

61
Q

In a ______ breeze the air blows from the sea to the land because the land is ________ than the sea.

A

sea; warmer

62
Q

A _____________ air mass is cold and moist and drops a lot of precipitation out west.

A

maritime polar

63
Q

A(n) ___________ front is represented on a weather map as a line with red semicircles

A

warm

64
Q

Surface currents are driven by __________

A

winds

65
Q

The Coriolis force causes winds and currents to ___________________ in the southern hemisphere.

A

turn right

66
Q

The winds found between 30º and 60º latitude that drive the northern transverse currents in the northern hemisphere and the southern transverse currents in the southern hemisphere are called the _____________.

A

westerlies

67
Q

The largest gyre currents that carry heat away from the equator are the __________________.

A

western boundary current

68
Q

Coastal upwelling occurs when Ekman transport moves water _______

A

offshore

69
Q

Downwelling along the California coast occurs when the wind is blowing ________

A

northward

70
Q

Thermohaline circulation is driven by _________

A

density differences

71
Q

The normal wind conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean are ___________.

A

from east to west

72
Q

The ocean conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during an El Nino are ____________

A

downwelling in the east along the coast of South America

73
Q

The particle motion for an ocean wave in deep water is ___________

A

circular

74
Q

The vertical distance between the crest and the trough is the _________

A

wave height

75
Q

The disturbing force and restoring force of capillary waves are ____________.

A

wind and surface tension

76
Q

The disturbing force and restoring force of tsunamis are ___________

A

water displacement and gravity

77
Q

The wave property that makes two waves interact with the resulting wave bigger is ________.

A

constructive interference

78
Q

The wave property that makes waves spread out after it passes around an obstacle is ________.

A

diffraction

79
Q

_____ form on the surface between two water masses.

A

Internal waves

80
Q

______ occur when bulges of water come ashore with a cyclone

A

Storm surges

81
Q

_______ occur when water in a closed basin is disturbed and oscillates.

A

Seiches

82
Q 
Tsunamis are not caused by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A) lunar eclipses                   
B) earthquakes                    
C) underwater landslides    
D) volcanic eruptions
A

A) lunar eclipses

83
Q

Out in the deep ocean (not near their source) tsunamis are _____________.

A

fast, small above the surface, and deep (all the way to the seafloor)

84
Q

The energy for tides comes from _____________

A

the rotation of the Earth

85
Q

The driving force of tides is _____________

A

the gravity of the Moon and the Sun

86
Q

The dynamic theory of tides relates to tides _____________

A

on an Earth with continents and bathymetry

87
Q

When the Moon is lined up with the Earth and the Sun it is a ___________.

A

spring tide

88
Q

Diurnal tides have ______________.

A

one high tide and one low tide per day

89
Q

Meteorological tides are ____________

A

due to onshore and offshore winds

Oceanography (5 decks)

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