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Oceanography > Oceanography - Exam 2 > Flashcards

Oceanography - Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

A water molecule is made up of _____ hydrogen atom(s) and one oxygen atom.

A

2

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2
Q

A polar molecule is one that ________.

A

has separated charge so one end is + charge and the other is - charged

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3
Q

Water is a polar molecule because _______

A

the hydrogen atoms are at an angle of 105°

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4
Q

Which end of the water molecule is negative?

A

the oxygen end

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5
Q

Which end of the water molecule is positive?

A

the hydrogen end

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6
Q

___ is caused by water molecules sticking to each other.

A

Cohesion

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7
Q

____ is caused by water molecules sticking to other molecules.

A

Adnesion

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8
Q

The hydrogen bonds in water absorb ___ the most

A

red light

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9
Q

______ is the amount of thermal energy contained by a substance.

A

Internal energy

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10
Q

______ is the amount of thermal energy added to or removed from a substance.

A

Heat

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11
Q

_____ is a measure of the amount of thermal energy contained by a substance.

A

Temperature

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12
Q

Water freezes at ____°F, ____°C, and ____ K.

A

32; 0; 273

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13
Q

Water boils at ____°F, ____°C, and ____ K.

A

212; 100; 373

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14
Q

Which has more internal energy, the water in a water heater or the water in a glass of ice tea?

A

The water in a water heater.

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15
Q

How does the heat capacity of water compare to other common substances?

A

It is one of the highest.

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16
Q

The process that changes water vapor to liquid water is ______.

A

condensation

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17
Q

The process that changes water vapor to ice is ___.

A

deposition

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18
Q

The process that changes ice to liquid water is ________.

A

melting

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19
Q

The process that changes ice to water vapor is ______.

A

sublimation

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20
Q

The process that changes liquid water to water vapor is _______.

A

evaporation

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21
Q

The process that changes liquid water to ice is ____.

A

freezing

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22
Q

Heat is _______ in the change from liquid water to ice.

A

Heat is removed

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23
Q

Heat is ______ in the change from liquid water to water vapor.

A

Heat is added

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24
Q

Areas far from water tend to have ____________________ than areas near water

A

larger temperature changes

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25
Q

A ______ is a liquid with one of more solid or gas dissolved in it.

A

solution

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26
Q

A ____ is more than one substance mixed together where each retains separate identities.

A

mixture

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27
Q

In a true solution the properties are ___ and in a mixture the properties are _______.

A

homogeneous; heterogeneous

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28
Q

Water dissolves salts such as NaCl by _________.

A

attaching themselves to the ions

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29
Q

The average surface salinity of the open oceans is ______.

A

35 ppt

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30
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the principle of constant proportions?
A) Most of the constituents of seawater are “well mixed”.
B) So their relative concentrations vary widely.
C) Overall concentrations, salinity, may vary somewhat.

A

So their relative concentrations vary widely.

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31
Q

The _____ is how long a given constituent remains in the ocean

A

residence time

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32
Q

The _____ is the time it takes for currents to mix the water

A

mixing time

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33
Q

The principle of constant proportions is true because _________.

A

the mixing time is much shorter than the residence time of most of the minerals in seawater

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34
Q

_____ constituents change concentrations slowly or not at all.

A

Conservative

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35
Q

___ constituents change concentrations much more quickly.

A

Nonconservative

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36
Q

_____ constituents tend to have processes that add and/or remove them significantly.

A

Nonconservative

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37
Q

The amount of ___ dissolved in the water is relatively stable because, unlike the other gases listed, there are no processes that add or remove significant amounts of it from the water.

A

nitrogen

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38
Q

Seawater is ________.

A

very alkaline (basic)

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39
Q 
Which of the following is least dense?
A) ice at 0° C 
B) liquid water at 0° C 
C) liquid water at 4° C 
D) liquid water at 100° C
A

D) liquid water at 100° C

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40
Q 
Which of the following is least dense?
A) warm fresh water 
B) cold fresh water 
C) warm salty water 
D) cold salty water
A

A) warm fresh water

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41
Q

The density of water _______ as temperature increases from 0°C to 30°C.

A

increases

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42
Q

The density of water _______ as salinity decreases from 30 ppt to 0 ppt.

A

decreases

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43
Q

The ocean is divided vertically into 3 regions; the region near the surface that is mixed by currents, waves, and tides is the ______.

A

surface mixed zone

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44
Q

The ocean is divided vertically into 3 regions; the region where temperature and salinity rapidly change
is the __________.

A

pycnocline (transition zone)

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45
Q

The ocean is divided vertically into 3 regions; the region in the deep ocean that is very cold (about 4°C
or 40°F) is the ______.

A

deep zone

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46
Q

True or False: Water masses tend to stratify, stay separate, because mixing is discouraged by the differences

A

True

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47
Q

Salinity tends to be higher in the tropical region than in temperate or polar regions because in the tropical region, unlike the others, there is _____.

A

more evaporation than precipitation

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48
Q

__is the bending of a wave due to changes in wave velocity.

A

Refraction

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49
Q

True or False: Refraction works for light and sound waves but not other types of waves.

A

False

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50
Q

Light in any material is absorbed and scattered. Absorption removes the light energy by ______ while scattering just ___.

A

converting it to heat; changes the direction of the light

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51
Q

The region near the surface where there is light in the water is the ______.

A

photic zone

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52
Q

The Sofar layer holds sound in it allowing the sound to travel long distances because ___.

A

as sound moves out of it upward or downward it is bent back toward it

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53
Q

_____ uses sound produced by the “lookers” to measure underwater distances.

A

Passive sonar

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54
Q 
Of the following primary components of air which has the highest percentage in air?
A. Argon
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Carbon Dioxide
A

B. Nitrogen

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55
Q 
Of the following primary components of air which has that most effect on weather? 
A. Argon
B. Nitrogen
C. Oxygen
D. Carbon Dioxide
A

D. Carbon Dioxide

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56
Q 
Of the following variable components of air which low concentration at surface from lightning and pollution and higher concentrations in the stratosphere? 
A. Water Vapor
B. Ozone
C. Dust
D. Volcanic Ash
A

B. Ozone

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57
Q

___________ pollutants are emitted directly into air.

A

Primary

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58
Q

___________ pollutants form in the air from those pollutants emitted directly into air.

A

Secondary

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59
Q

Which of the layer of the atmosphere is nearest the surface?

A

troposphere

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60
Q

In which of the layer of the atmosphere is the ozone layer, which has been depleted by human pollution, found?

A

stratosphere

61
Q

In which of the layer of the atmosphere is there almost no air with high temperatures (1000ºC) but almost no heat?

A

thermosphere

62
Q

The atmospheric layers are based on _______________.

A

changes in temperature

63
Q

In the lowest atmospheric layer the temperature _________________.

A

decreases with altitude

64
Q

Pressure ____________ as you go up in the atmosphere.

A

decreases

65
Q

_____________ is a measure of actual amount of water in air (e.g. g of water/kg of air).

A

Specific humidity

66
Q

_____________ is a ratio of air’s actual water vapor content to its capacity to hold water vapor.

A

Relative humidity

67
Q

_____________ is the temperature to which air must be cooled to reach saturation (100% relative humidity).

A

Dew point

68
Q

As the temperature of air decreases while the specific humidity remains the same the relative humidity ________________ .

A

increases

69
Q

As the specific humidity decreases while the temperature of air remains the same the relative humidity ________________ .

A

decreases

70
Q

As air subsides it ______________.

A

decreases in relative humidity

71
Q 
The height of the Sun in the sky depends on:
A. Latitude
B. Time of Day
C. Time of year
D. All of these
A

D. All of these

72
Q

The amount of radiation from the Sun that is scattered and reflected back into space is about _____%.

A

30

73
Q

Seasons are due to _________.

A

the tilt of the Earth’s axis

74
Q

The Sun, like other hotter objects, emits ______.

A

shorter wavelength radiation (infrared)

75
Q

The Earth, like other cooler objects, emits ________.

A

longer wavelength radiation (visible light)

76
Q

The only heat flow that occurs in a vacuum is ___________.

A

radiation

77
Q

The heat flow that transfers molecular vibrations from molecule to molecule is ______.

A

conduction

78
Q

The heat flow that carries heat as the material flows is ___________.

A

convection

79
Q

Wind is a direct effect of ___________.

A

convection

80
Q

The Coriolis force acts on moving objects due to ________.

A

the rotation of the Earth

81
Q

The deflection of a moving object due to the Coriolis force does NOT ___________.

A

act strongest at the equator and weakest at the poles

82
Q

The underlying cause of wind is unequal heating of the Earth’s surface.

A

True

83
Q

The circulation on a nonrotating Earth would be ___________.

A

a large convection cell in each of the northern and southern hemispheres

84
Q

Rotation of the Earth breaks the nonrotating convection cells into three smaller convection cells with 2 low pressure regions and two high pressure region.

A

True

85
Q

In a ______ breeze the air blows from the sea to the land because the land is ________ than the sea.

A

sea; warmer

86
Q

In a ______ breeze the air blows from the land to the sea because the sea is ________ than the land.

A

land; warmer

87
Q

A ___ air mass is cold and moist and drops a lot of precipitation out west.

A

maritime polar

88
Q

A _____ air mass is warm and moist and causes much of precipitation in the east.

A

maritime tropical

89
Q

A ________ air mass is cold and dry and causes the coldest weather in the US in the winter.

A

continental polar

90
Q

A ____ air mass is warm and dry and makes the desert southwest US even drier.

A

continental tropical

91
Q

A(n) ___________ front is represented on a weather map as a line with red semicircles.

A

warm

92
Q

A(n) ___________ front is represented on a weather map as a line with blue triangles.

A

cold

93
Q

A(n) ___________ front is represented on a weather map as a line with blue triangles and red semicircles on opposite sides.

A

stationary

94
Q

A(n) ___________ front is represented on a weather map as a line with blue triangles and red semicircles on the same side.

A

occluded

95
Q

A(n) _____________ is any weather pattern with circulation around a low-pressure zone.

A

cyclone

96
Q

A ______________ is a very large low pressure area that often forms in the winter in the Gulf of Alaska (the northeastern Pacific Ocean) and moves west to east across the US.

A

mid-latitude cyclone

97
Q

A ______________ is a low pressure area that is small, can be very intense, and last anywhere from minutes to a few hours.

A

tornado

98
Q

Tropical cyclones go from tropical storms to hurricanes when their sustained winds reach _____ mph.

A

74

99
Q

Generally most of the damage done by hurricanes as they come onshore is done by _______________.

A

storm surge

100
Q

A _____ is not a type of cyclone.

A

thunderstorm

101
Q

_____________ is the lessening of the ultraviolet protective layer in the stratosphere due to manmade pollution.

A

Ozone depletion

102
Q

The natural increase in the Earth’s temperature due to the absorption of infrared radiation given off by the Earth is _____________________.

A

the greenhouse effect

103
Q

The manmade increase in the Earth’s temperature due to more greenhouse gases in the air is ____________.

A

global warming

104
Q

Surface currents are driven by __________.

A

winds

105
Q

The Coriolis force causes winds and currents to _____________in the northern hemisphere.

A

turn right

106
Q

The Coriolis force causes winds and currents to __________ in the southern hemisphere.

A

turn left

107
Q

The winds found just north and south of the equator (between 0º and 30º latitude) that blow from the northeast north of the equator and from the southeast south of the equator and cause the transverse currents closest to the equator are called the _______________.

A

westerlies

108
Q

Gyre currents travel ________________ in the southern hemisphere.

A

counterclockwise

109
Q

The gyre currents that are driven by wind are the _____________

A

transverse currents

110
Q

The water within the center of a gyre is not higher than it is because of _______.

A

gravity

111
Q

Because of the rotation of the Earth the hill at the center of the gyre is moved _______.

A

to the west

112
Q

What is the general term for the movement of water toward the surface?

A

upwelling

113
Q

What is the general term for the movement of water away from the surface?

A

downwelling

114
Q

Coastal upwelling along the California coast occurs when the wind is blowing _______.

A

westward

115
Q

Coastal downwelling occurs when Ekman transport moves water __________.

A

onshore

116
Q

What is the change in atmospheric conditions over the equatorial Pacific Ocean that leads to changes in the oceanic condition there called?

A

Southern Oscillation

117
Q

What is the change in oceanic conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean caused by changes in the the atmospheric condition there called?

A

El Nino

118
Q

What is the rapid return to normal oceanic conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean that leads to changes in the ocean condition there called?

A

La Nina

119
Q

The atmospheric conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean during a southern oscillation are ____________.

A

toward the center

120
Q

The normal ocean conditions in the equatorial Pacific Ocean are __________

A

upwelling in the east along the coast of South America

121
Q

What is another name for deep ocean circulation?

A

Thermohaline Circulation

122
Q

Deep ocean circulation is driven by _____.

A

density differences

123
Q

The sinking water that drives deep ocean circulation generally occurs ________.

A

near the poles

124
Q

The density differences that drive thermohaline circulation are caused by ____________.

A

both temperature and salinity differences

125
Q

What is the method of studying current that actually measured the movement of the water?

A

flow method

126
Q

The method of studying currents that uses the movement of low concentrations of chemical compounds is ________.

A

tracers method

127
Q

Simple float method devices such as drift bottles only determine their release point and collection point; they give no information on the path they took.

A

true

128
Q

CDCs and other manmade chemicals are generally used in the tracers method for measuring _______.

A

surface currents

129
Q

The energy for tides comes from ________.

A

the rotation of the Earth

130
Q

What causes the Moon to orbit the Earth?

A

gravity and inertia

131
Q

The driving force of tides is ____________.

A

the gravity of the Moon and the Sun

132
Q

The solar tides are ______ the lunar tides.

A

smaller than

133
Q

When the Moon is lined up with the Earth and the Sun it is a ___________.

A

spring tide

134
Q

The equilibrium theory of tides relates to tides ____________.

A

on an Earth with a constant depth ocean

135
Q

The dynamic theory of tides relates to tides _____________.

A

on an Earth with continents and bathymetry

136
Q

Diurnal tides have ____________.

A

one high tide and one low tide per day

137
Q

Semidiurnal tides have __________.

A

two equal high tides and two equal low tides per day

138
Q

Mixed tides have ____________.

A

one larger and one smaller high tide and one larger and one smaller low tide per day

139
Q

In the northern hemisphere when tides enter a wide confined basin they tend to _________.

A

act like a wave moving counterclockwise around the basin

140
Q

_______ the tides are often larger than ___________.

A

In confined basins; along straight coasts

141
Q

The strongest tidal currents tend to form ___________

A

at inlets

142
Q

When tides are high or low there is little current, this is ___________

A

slack water

143
Q

Water rushing in to flood a bay is _________.

A

a flood current (flood tide)

144
Q

Water rushing out to empty a bay is ___________.

A

an ebb current

145
Q

Tides can be _______________.

A

predicted to within a few inches years in advance

146
Q

Weather has no effect on tides.

A

false

147
Q

Meteorological tides are _________.

A

due to onshore and offshore winds

148
Q

Within a few years tidal energy will be providing most of the electricity used in the US.

A

False

Oceanography (5 decks)

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