Ocean Water, Water Properties, Toxins, and Marine Biomes.

Question 1

What is H20? Hint: what does it stand for, besides water?

Answer 1

2 Hydrogen, 1 Oxygen

Question 2

Is H20 polar and why?

Answer 2

Yes, it is polar. The oxygen end of the molecule is negative and the hydrogen are positive.

Question 3

The polar nature of water allows it to form H _ _ _ _ _ _ n B _ _ _ s

Answer 3

Hydrogen Bonds.

Question 4

Are hydrogen bonds strong or weak?

Answer 4

Weak.

Question 5

What 4 properties of water are the result of its polar nature? Hint:

1. C_ _ _ _ _ _n
2. A_ _ _ _ _ _n
3. H_ _ h H_ _ t C_ _ _ _ _ _y
4. D_ _ _ _ _y.

Answer 5

Cohesion, Adhesion, High Heat Capacity, and Density.

Question 6

What is cohesion?

Answer 6

Water molecules stick to each other.

Question 7

What is adhesion?

Answer 7

Water molecules stick to surfaces.

Question 8

What is high heat capacity?

Answer 8

Water stores energy (heat) and releases it slowly.

Question 9

What is density? Hint: why does ice float instead of sink?

Answer 9

Ice, the solid form of water, is less dense so it floats.

Question 10

Why is H20/water called the universal solvent?

Answer 10

Other polar molecules and atoms dissolve easily in water.

Question 11

True or False: all of the water on earth is connected. There is technically only one world ocean.

Answer 11

True.

Question 12

Why is 97.5% of earth’s water unsuitable for drinking or agriculture?

Answer 12

It is saltwater.

Question 13

Why is freshwater in high demand? Hint: what percentage of water does it make up on earth?

Answer 13

Only 2.5%.

Question 14

What is the Coriolis Force? Hint: think of how currents move in the ocean.

Answer 14

Currents in the Northern Hemisphere move to the right and those in the South move to the left. This creates a clockwise current pattern.

Question 15

What causes the Coriolis Force?

Answer 15

Earth rotates counterclockwise on its axis, which causes the currents to move clockwise.

Question 16

What is downwelling?

Answer 16

The denser mass of water sinks. Cold water sinks below warm water and saltwater sinks below freshwater.

Question 17

What is upwelling? How is this beneficial?

Answer 17

This is when water comes to the surface. It often brings nutrients so there is high productivity in these areas, which is great for fisheries.

Question 18

What is the deep sea like in 4 words?

1. C _ _ d
2. S _ _ _ y
3. P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ d
4. D _ _ k

Answer 18

Cold, Salty, Pressurized, Dark.

Question 19

Why does surface water absorb oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Answer 19

Surface water mixes with atmospheric gases.

Question 20

What is bioaccumulation?

Answer 20

Toxins from the environment are stored in an organism’s body.

Question 21

Why was DDT killing top predator birds?

Answer 21

It made their eggs lack calcium, so the mother squashed the eggs when she sat on them.

Question 22

What is biomagnification? Why does this have a greater impact on organisms higher up the food chain?

Answer 22

The concentration of toxins increase as they go up the food web. Only 10% of energy/biomass is passed up, but 100% of the toxins are. Tertiary predators consume the most toxins as a result.

Question 23

What are estuaries?

Answer 23

Have brackish water (mix fresh and salt water), temperate zones where a river meets the ocean.

Question 24

What are kelp beds?
Why are sea otters a keystone species here?
What are kelp beds threatened by?

Answer 24

Occur in cold, nutrient rich waters. They have giant strands of brown algae for their structure.
Sea otters are a keystone species here because they eat urchins that destroy the kelp.
Eutrophication and overharvesting.

Question 25

What are coral reefs? Are they highly productive and diverse?

Answer 25

Occur in clear tropical waters and are formed by the skeletal remains of symbiotic coral organisms. Yes, they are productive and diverse.

Question 26

Why is Zooxanthellae crucial to coral reefs?

Answer 26

It is symbiotic algae that provides the host with carbohydrates from photosynthesis.

Question 27

Why are coral polyp considered cnidarians (jellyfish)? Hint: What happens if you touch a jellyfish? You get s _ _ _ g.

Answer 27

They are animals with stinging cells. (stung).

Question 28

What are coral reefs threatened by?

1. C _ _ _ _ _ e C _ _ _ _ e
2. N _ _ _ _ _ _ t P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ n
3. F _ _ _ _ _ g P _ _ _ _ _ _ _ s (T _ _ _ _ _ _ g).

Answer 28

Climate change, coastal Nutrient Pollution, and poor Fishing Practices (Trawling).

Question 29

What is a biotic feature of the deep sea?

B_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _e

Answer 29

Bioluminescence.

Question 30

Where do hydrothermal vents occur? What kind of communities do they have? Hint: Similar to photosynthesis.

Answer 30

Along geothermal vents on the sea floor. Chemosynthetic communities.

Question 31

What is the energy source of extremophile bacterial communities? (H2SO4).
What do these communities produce as waste products? (sulfuric acid and CO2).
What species do these communities have a symbiotic bacterial relationship with?

Answer 31

Hydrogen sulfide (H2SO4) = energy source
Sulfuric acid and CO2 = waste products
Symbiotic bacterial relationships with tube worms