OCD Paper 4 Flashcards
What was concluded about the effectiveness of lovell et al
- Clinical outcome of CBT delivered by telephone was equivalent to treatment delivered face to face
- similiar levels of satisfaction reported
Lovell et al: How + why did researchers gather baseline data from ppt
- To establish baseline data we assessed patients twice w 4 weeks in between BEFORE randomisation to treatment groups
- Researchers blinded to treatment allocation assed patients at both of baseline visits
- The intial visit after treatment, and at 1,3 and 6 months follow up
- Baseline data gathered to allow a comaprison w test data to determine if intervention has been successful
Explain diff between obsessions and compulsions
Obsessions= a state which someone thinks abt someone/smth constanatly/frequently; recurrent unwanted thoughts
Compulsions= repetive physical behaviours + actions; rituals that are perfromed over and over again IN ATTEMPT to relieve anxiety caused by obessional thoughts
Give 2 limitations to the YBOCS scale
- Categories arent discrete; respondents may not be able to fully distinguish between each description e.g 1 hr appears twice for 2 diff catgeories
- Categories may not apply at all times; sometimes the respondent may be in 1 category and another
- May be difficult to distinguish between time spent on obsessions and time spent on compulsions
Explain how 1 other questionnare assesses OCD
- The Maudsley Obsessive compulsive inventory (MOCI) is one of the most used tests in clinical psychology
- To asses the obsessive/compulsive symotoms in pshyciatric patients
- 30 items usuing T/F format
- 4 sub scales: Checking (9 items), Cleaning (11 items) MAJOR,
- Slowness (7 items), Doubting (7 items) MINOR
S+W of usuing psychometric measures to assess OCD
Strengths
- Reliability is the extent to which the test gives consistent data over time e,g results from one person should be comparabale to results from another person
- Validity the extent to which a test accurately measures a person attributes
- test includes items as defined by DMS as typical of ppl w OCD + any person can be asssed in relation to the norm
- Quant data produced allowing comparisons
Weakness
- Tests do not take into account ID, aspects unique to a persons OCD
- test may not allow a person to express their feelings fully
- Test may attach a label to a person and the label may stick when label is too vague/inappripriaye for the person and their OCD
S+ W of biochemical treatment for OCD
Strengths:
- SSRIs directly restores a chemical imbalance that may cause OCD
- Can be given on a fixed schedule w dosage increased/decreased as required
- Treatments are easy and cheap to apply w little time/effort e.g 1 pill a day
Weakness:
- Treatments may alleivate symptoms but not remove the cause
- treatments have side effects which may make a person feel worse
- treatments may be addictive so only used short term
outline 1 genetic explanations of OCD + 1 biochemical explanations of OCD
GENETIC
- Genes cause OCD
- Mattheisen et al= SLITRK3 associated w OCD, when removed in mice they began hoarding
- Taj et al= DRD4 related to uptake of dopamine
BIOCHEM:
- OCD caused by low levels of seratonin
- High levels of oxytocin pos correlated w early onset OCD
suggest 2 ways in which 1 biomedical exp differes from cog explanations of OCD
- Biomedical assumes causes are biological (genetic/neurological/chemical)
- Cognitive exp assumes thoughts cause OCD
- Biomedical assumes drug treatment are the best way to treat OCD
- Cognitive exp focuses on cog/behavioral theraphy to target obsessions/compulsions or both
- Genetic/neurological/Biomed= Nature/deterministic AND cognitive is Nurture/free will
S+ W of biomedical explanation of OCD
Strengths:
- Genetics/chem can be studied objectivly = scientific data
- Studies can be done experimentally w Cause and effect + can be replicated
Weakness:
- Reductionist + reduce what could be a complex cogn phenomem to nothing more than chemicals
- Dont consider intercations between chemicals + persons interctions w other ppl/enviornement/learning
- Not generlisable beacuse although ppl have same biological functioning there ARE ID in the amount of chem causing imbalance
S+W of Telephone CBT (Lovell)
Strengths:
- No travelling time to see therapist
- Takes less time e.g 30mins on phone
- Person at home is more comfy being in familair enviornment; less stressful than in clinic
- theraphy + procedures exactly the same
Weakness:
- No non verbal comms
- Verbal comms may be restirected (may talk longer face to face compared to OTP)
- therapist cant review materials e.g HMWK diary
- therapists cant control enviornmeny like no distractions in clinic but MANY at home
S+W of ERP Lehmukul
Strengths
- Lehmukhul successfully treated Jason using ERP; if one can be treated then so can all
- ‘Basic’ treatment can successfully be adapated to meet individual needs
- If ERP works w/ children then it should work w adults; Jason was 12 y/o
- ERP involves facing fears step by step so no one should ever have a problem (unlike flooding)
Weakness:
- Lehukhul successfully treated Jason, but this one child cant generalise from 1 person
- it was a case study + Jason was unique , he has autism
- no theraphy works for everyone, alternatives may be more appropriate
sampling technqiues u can use
- random sample was chosen so everyone in the target population has an equal chance of
participating. - self-selecting so participants can volunteer (or not) to participate.
- an opportunity sample was not chosen to avoid researcher bias when selecting participants.
why choose a directional hypothesis
- A directional hypothesis was chosen because it predicts the direction of the results in this case
it is predicted that seratonin drugs will be effective when compared to a control group.
why choose a non directional hypothesis
- A non-directional hypothesis was chosen because it makes no prediction regarding the direction of the results in this case it is not known whether ppt have developed OCD due to their upbrining or genetics.
