Occupation

Question 1

Eakins and Eakins (1976)

Answer 1

In 7 university faculty meetings, the men spoke for longer and took longer turns

Question 2

Edelsky (1981)

Answer 2

In a series of meetings in a university department faculty committee, men took more and longer turns and did more joking, arguing, directing and soliciting of responses during the more structured segments of meetings
During the ‘free for all’ parts the women, women and men talked equally and women joked, argued, directed and solicited responses more than men

Question 3

Herbert and straight (1989)

Answer 3

Compliments tend to flow from those of higher rank to those of lower rank

Question 4

Herring (1992)

Answer 4

In an email discussion which took place on a linguistics ‘distribution list’, men’s messages were twice as long, on average, as women’s.
Women tended to use a personal voice e.g. ‘i am intrigued by your comment’.
The tone adopted by the men who dominated the discussion was assertive ‘it is obvious that…’

Question 5

Holmes (1998)

Answer 5

Women managers seem to be more likely to negotiate consensus than male managers, they are less likely to just ‘plough through the agenda’, taking time to make sure everyone genuinely agrees with that had been decided

Question 6

Holmes and Marra (2002)

Answer 6

Contrary to popular belief, women use just as much humour as men, and use it for the same functions, to control discourse and subordinates and to contest superiors, although they are more likely to encourage supportive and collaborative humour

Question 7

Joanna Thornborrow

Answer 7

Langauge and identity “one of the most fundamental ways we have of establishing our identity is through language”. - this means she believes we change linguistic identities to present ourselves to different people

Question 8

John Swales

Answer 8

Discourse communities: groups of people who use language for a shared purpose

Question 9

Drew and Heritage

Answer 9

Within each discourse community, there is a HIERARCHY. Communicating up or down the hierarchy will change a persons language

Question 10

Drew Crystal

Answer 10

Claims that occupational language is temporary, (it can be picked up and put down as we enter and leave the office).additionally, claims the more senior the post, the more technical language used

Question 11

Almut Koester

Answer 11

Workers having phatic discourses outside of work-related procedures creates an effective work environment