Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A Level English Language Paper 2 > Gender > Flashcards

Gender Flashcards

1
Q

What is the deficit approach to language and gender?

A

Male language is the standard, while women’s language is deficient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Who created the deficit model?

A

Robin Lakoff, 1975

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the features of language defined in the deficit model?

A

Hedging, fillers, tag questions, apologising for opinions…

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does lakoff claim that the features de4fined in the deficit model suggest about women?

A

That they speak with uncertainty due to the fact that they have less power compared to men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who defined male as norm?

A

Spender, 1980

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is male as norm?

A

The idea that language itself is patriarchal as the male term is the default

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Why is male as norm significant?

A

As it makes it difficult to challenge the patriarchal structures in society

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Who investigated the use of tag questions by women?

A

Janet Holmes, 1984

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three types of tag questions?

A

Confrontational, modal and affective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the purpose of confrontational tag questions?

A

They create an assertive tone and strengthen the negative force of an utterance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the purpose of modal tag questions?

A

They request information or confirmation and ar4e speaker-orientated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the purpose of affective tag questions?

A

They are address-orientated and interactional, and are motivated by concern for the addresse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why do women use more tag questions?

A

As they give them more power in the conversation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the criticisms of a deficit approach?

A
  • it is outdated; stereotypes have moved on
  • it assumes all men/women act the same way
  • it is too generalising
  • it doesn’t acknowledge conscious choice
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the three deficit approach theories?

A

The deficit model - Lakoff, 1975
Male as Norm - Spender, 1980
Tag questions - Holmes, 1984

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the dominance approach to language and gender?

A

The idea that men’s language dominates over women’s

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Who did the gender and interruptions study?

A

Zimmerman and West, 1975

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Who were the participants in the gender and interruptions study?

A

White, 20-35, middle class men and women

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Where did the studied conversations take place? (Zimmerman and West, 1975)

A

The conversations were casual and took place in public areas like coffee shops

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Who interrupted more in same sex conversations? (Z + W)

A

Neither gender interrupted more often

21
Q

Who interrupted more in mixed sex conversations (Z + W)

A

Men interrupted 96% of the time

22
Q

What does the level of interruptions suggest? (Z +W)

A

It suggests that men show less regard for what women have to say

23
Q

How did women react to interruptions in mixed sex conversations? (Z + W)

A

Women had extended periods of silence after interruptions - 62% of female silenses followed an interruption by a male participant

24
Q

How did the men r4eact to interruptions? (Z + W)

A

Men were unfazed by interruptions

25
Q

Who did the Reading teenagers study?

A

Jenny Cheshire, 1980s

26
Q

What did the Reading teenager study find?

A

Boys with delinquent behaviour an girls who wanted to associate with them would be more likely to use non standard forms of language

27
Q

What were some of the non standard forms identified in the Reading teenagers study?

A

-s as a third person suffix (‘they calls me’) ‘has’ instead of ‘have’ ‘come’ as past tense ‘what’ instead of ‘who’, multiple negatives

28
Q

Who studied courtroom language to find the features Lakoff identified?

A

O’Barr and Atkinson, 1980

29
Q

What materials were used to study courtroom language?

A

Transcripts and witness statements from courtrooms over 30 months

30
Q

What were Lakoffs features found to illustrate in courtrooms?

A

They were found to illustrate powerlessness in both genders

31
Q

Who didn’t use the features lakoff identified? (O’Barr and Atkins)

A

Those in a position of power (e.g. expert witnesses)
Those of a higher class
Those used to the court environment

32
Q

What was concluded from the courtroom language study?

A

That the language features Lakoff identified were ‘neither characteristic of all women nor limited to only women’.

33
Q

Who defined the term ‘international shitwwork’?

A

Pamela Fishman, 1990

34
Q

Why do women have to do ‘shitwork’ to keep conversation going?

A

Because men don’t do enough collaborative work in conversation

35
Q

What types of collaborative work do women do in conversation?

A

Tag questions, photic talk

36
Q

Who said that all female talk is cooperative and supportive?

A

Jennifer Coates, 1996

37
Q

How are women more cooperative and supportive in conversation?

A

By using more compliments

38
Q

Who said that all female talk is collaborative?

A

Jane Pilkington, 1998

39
Q

How is all female talk more collaborative?

A

Women use more positive politeness

40
Q

Why is all male talk less cooperative?

A

Men are less complimentary and tolerate more silence

41
Q

Who said that gossip is a feature of women’s language?

A

Deborah Jones, 1990

42
Q

What are the four types of gossip? (Jones, 1990)

A

House talk- where women exchange info
scandal - where women sit in judgement on others
bitching - where women are speaking more privately, in a way which is often angry and resentful
chatting - where women have intimate conversations where they share mutual support

43
Q

Who said that men and women talk in a different way as they have different conversational aims?

A

Deborah Tannen, 1990

44
Q

What is status vs support (Tannen)

A

Men see conversation as a contest

45
Q

What is independence vs intimacy? (Tannen)

A

Men see consulting with their partner as ‘asking for permission’

46
Q

What is advice vs understanding? (Tannen)

A

Men see a complaint as a challenge for a solution but women just want to be supported

47
Q

What is information vs feelings? (Tannen)

A

Women hedge orders, which men believe is an attempt to manipulate them

48
Q

What is orders vs proposals? (Tannen)

A

Men think that talk should have a purpose

49
Q

What is conflict vs compromise? (Tannen)

A

Women are reluctant to openly oppose others

A Level English Language Paper 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions