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Phase 1 - S3 Respiratory System > Obstructive Lung Diseases > Flashcards

Obstructive Lung Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 conditions make up COPD

A

emphysema and chronic bronchitis

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2
Q

what is emphysema

A

where there is a breakdown of elastin in the lungs causing bronchiole collapse and enlarged lung air spaces

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3
Q

why is there hyperinflation of the chest in emphysema

A

the lung has lost elastic tissue so no longer has its recoiling nature - therefore the chest wall can now expand

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4
Q

what is seen in chronic bronchitis

A

where inflammation of the airways causes hyper secretion of mucus - this leads to goblet cell proliferation and cilia damage

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5
Q

what are the causes of COPD

A

smoking, alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency and pollution

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6
Q

what are the symptoms of COPD

A

cough, sputum, breathlessness, barrelled chest, increased breathing rate, wheezing use of accessory muscles, cyanosis

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7
Q

how do you diagnose COPD

A

history and spirometry

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8
Q

what would you see in spirometry for COPD

A

scooped expiration, lower FEV1

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9
Q

true or false: COPD is reversible with bronchodilators

A

false

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10
Q

what is the management for COPD

A 
stop smoking
bronchodilators
inhaled steroids 
pulmonary rehabilitation 
long term oxygen therapy 
lung volume reduction surgery
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11
Q

what is pulmonary rehabilitation

A

getting patients to exercise as they are put off by their breathlessness as so the loss skeletal muscle mass which could lead to isolation and depression

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12
Q

give an example of a bronchodilator

A

salbutamol

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13
Q

what is the side effect of salbutamol

A

not fully selective so also works on beta 1 receptors on the heart to cause tachycardia

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14
Q

what receptors does salbutamol work on

A

beta 2 in the lungs causing airway relaxation

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15
Q

in an acute exacerbation of COPD what treatment would you give

A

oxygen
oral steroids - prednisone
nebulised bronchodilators

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16
Q

what is the inheritance pattern of cystic fibrosis

A

autosomal recessive

17
Q

what does the mutation in cystic fibrosis result in

A

the CFTR to not be inserted into the membrane

18
Q

what are the symptoms of cystic fibrosis

A

thick mucus - giving lung infections, malabsorption and digestive problems

19
Q

what is done to diagnose cystic fibrosis

A

sweat test

heel prick test in babies

20
Q

why do you get malabsorption in cystic fibrosis

A

as the mucus blocks pancreatic secretions so the chyme can’t be broken down

21
Q

why do patients experience recurrent chest infections in cystic fibrosis

A

due to the mucus trapping bacteria in their lungs

22
Q

What is bronchiectasis

A

chronic dilation of the bronchi

23
Q

how is the mucus affected in bronchiectasis

A

dilation of the bronchi means that the mucus can’t be cleared well - this predisposes to infection

24
Q

true or false: asthma is irreversible

A

false - reversible with bronchodilators

25
Q

what is the difference of the breathlessness seen in asthma and COPD

A

asthma - breathlessness is variable and worse in the morning/night when the airways are narrower
COPD - progressive and persistant

26
Q

what is the difference in the age of diagnosis in asthma and COPD

A

in asthma it is seen in children where COPD is seen in the elderly

27
Q

what is the difference in coughing in COPD and asthma

A

COPD have a chronic cough but asthma does not

28
Q

what is asthma

A

chronic inflammation of the airways causing an obstructive airflow

29
Q

what do the antigen trigger activation of in asthma

A

TH2 cells

30
Q

what is the action of the TH2 cells in asthma

A

release cytokines which attract and activate eosinophils and IgE producing B cells

31
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs immediately in a asthma

A

type 1 - the IgE antigen interaction causes mast cell degranulation leading to bronchoconstriction

32
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction occurs in the later stage of asthma

A

type 4 - where eosinophils cause inflammation

33
Q

what does inflammation in asthma cause

A

mucosal swelling, thickening of bronchial walls, over production of mucus, hyper-responsiveness

34
Q

what is hyper-responsiveness in asthma

A

where the inflammation makes the airways more susceptible to attacks by non-allergens

35
Q

what are the symptoms of asthma

A

wheezing, shortness of breath

36
Q

what are some triggers of asthma

A

allergens, cold air, exercise, smoke, stress

37
Q

what is the treatment for asthma

A

inhaled steroids

bronchodilators

38
Q

what is the treatment of asthma in acute worsenings

A

oxygen
oral steroids (prednisone)
nebulised bronchodilators

39
Q

what type of respiratory disease is asthma

A

type 2

Phase 1 - S3 Respiratory System (13 decks)

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