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Phase 1 - S3 Respiratory System > Lower Tract Infections > Flashcards

Lower Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

how is TB spread

A

through respiratory droplets in the air

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2
Q

what is pulmonary TB

A

where the infection only effects the lungs

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3
Q

where else may be infected in extra pulmonary TB

A

bone, kidneys, lymph nodes, brain and larynx

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4
Q

what is the treatment for TB

A

Rifampicin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol

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5
Q

why are 4 drugs given in the treatment of TB

A

to prevent resistance developing

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6
Q

what are the symptoms of TB

A

fever, night sweats, weight loss, sputum, coughing up blood, pleuritic chest pain, breathlessness

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7
Q

what is miliary TB

A

where the bacteria is spread to all parts of the body through the blood

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8
Q

what increases the risk of miliary TB

A

severe malnourishment or immunosuppression

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9
Q

what will be seen on a chest x-ray in TB

A

consolidation in the apex of the lung

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10
Q

why does TB affect the lung apex

A

as this most oxygenated area of the lung so the aerobic organism moves there

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11
Q

what staining is used in TB and why

A

Ziehl-Neelson staining as gram staining can’t go through the fatty cell wall of the bacteria

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12
Q

what organism causes TB

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

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13
Q

what is the Tuberculosis sensitivity test

A

where some TB antigens are injected under the skin - if your T cells are already sensitised then you will get a red circle appear at the site of injection

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14
Q

how do you get false positives with the TST

A

from the BCG vaccination

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15
Q

how do you get false negatives from the TST

A

being immunosuppressed as you can’t amount a T cell response

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16
Q

what is the INF Gamma assay

A

where a sample of blood is taken and TB antigens are added - sensitised T cells will then produce INF gamma

17
Q

what is bronchitis

A

inflammation of the airways

18
Q

what are the symptoms of bronchitis

A

cough, fever, breathlessness, sputum (not purulent)

19
Q

what mostly causes bronchitis

A

smoking

20
Q

what are the natural preventions to respiratory tract infections

A

normal flora in upper respiratory tract, cilia, mucus, sneezing/coughing and lymph tissue

21
Q

what are the the symptoms of pneumonia

A

fever, cough, purulent sputum, shortness of breath, nausea, vomiting, rigor

22
Q

what is pneumonia

A

inflammation of the parenchyma of the lungs

23
Q

what is lobar pneumonia

A

where a whole lobe of a lung is affected

24
Q

what is the most common organism causing community acquired pneumonia

A

streptococcus pneumoniae

25
Q

what is the treatment for community acquired pneumonia

A

amoxicillin (or doxycycline if allergic)

26
Q

what is the treatment for severe community acquired pneumonia

A

co-amaxiclav and clarithromycin (works for atypical organisms)

27
Q

what are the outcomes of pneumonia

A

resolution
organisation (healed with fibrous scarring)
complications

28
Q

what are the complications of pneumonia

A

lung abscess, bronchiectasis, empyema

29
Q

what is hospital acquired pneumonia

A

contraction of the infection 48hours after being in hospital

30
Q

what is the most common causative organism of hospital acquired pneumonia

A

staphylococcus aureus

31
Q

what is the treatment for community acquired pneumonia

A

co-amoxiclav

32
Q

what is aspired pneumonia

A

where you breath in exogenous material

33
Q

how does the histology of TB appear

A

caseating granulomas with langerhan giant cells

34
Q

describe the pathogenesis of TB

A
  • engulfed by alveolar macrophages
  • inflammatory response causing the formation of a primary complex
  • either progression to active disease or latent stage
  • the latent infection then either self resolves or becomes reactivated to cause post-primary infection
35
Q

what is Ghon’s focus

A

the primary complex formed in TB - where inflammation of the lung parenchyma occurs due to the immune system reacting against the bacteria

36
Q

what cells are most important in the immune response in TB

A

T cells

37
Q

what increases the risk of reactivation of TB

A

immunosuppression (HIV, chemotherapy, transplant, steroids)
diabetes
kidney disease

Phase 1 - S3 Respiratory System (13 decks)

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