Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pathology MD3001 > Obstructive Lung Disease > Flashcards

Obstructive Lung Disease Flashcards

1
Q

In obstructive disorder what is the FEV1, FVC and FEV1/FVC radio?

A

FEV1 - Reduced
FVC - usually reduced but to a lesser extent.
Ratio - Reduced (<0.7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

In restrictive disorder what is the FEV1, FCV and FEV1/FCV radio?

A

FEV1 - Reduced,
FVC - Reduced
The ratio is normal (>0.7)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define:

  • FEV
  • FEV1
  • FVC
A
  • FEV = Forced expiratory volume.
  • FEV1 = Amount of air forced out per second.
  • FVC = Forced vital capacity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the FEV1/ FVC ratio a measure of and what is normal?

A

It is a measure of airflow obstruction, above 0.7 is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When does hypoxia tend to occur?

A

When the V/Q ratio is mismatched.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are some common obstructive lung diseases?

A
  • Asthma
  • COPD
  • Bronchiectasis
  • Cystic Fibrosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the difference between asthma and COPD?

A

Asthma - Non-smoking related, history of atopy, tends to present in younger patients, intermittent, non-progressive, eosinophil infiltration.

COPD - Smokers, non-allergic, occurs in over 50s, chronic, progressive decline and neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is asthma?

A

Clinical diagnosis which should be considered when a patient presents with one of the following symptoms:
- Wheeze, breathlessness, chest tightness and cough. Especially if diurnal variation and symptoms of atopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of asthma?

A
  • Airway narrowing/obstruction.
  • Airway hyper-responsiveness.
  • Airway inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are important mediators in asthma?

A

Leukotrienes, interleukins and tissue damaging eosinophil proteins. T-lymphocytes in allergic asthma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are some genetic predisposition and triggers for asthma?

A
  • Viral,
  • Allergens, eg, animal dander, dust mites, pollen and fungi.
  • Food/nutrition,
  • Chemicals (smoke)
  • Exercise
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are some of the non-pharmacological treatments for asthma?

A
  • Achieve and maintain a normal BMI if overweight.
  • Breathing exercise programmes.
  • Stop smoking (patient and/or household members)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the pharmacological treatment for asthma?

A

Beta(2) agonists and steroids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the clinical features of life-threatening asthma

A

Altered consciousness, exhaustion, arrhythmias, hypertension and cyanosis. SpO2 < 92%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the clinical features of near fatal asthma?

A

Raised PCO2, and/or requires ventilation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe the immediate management of acute severe asthma

A

Immediate treatment;

  • Oxygen (maintain sats @ 94-98%),
  • SABA (salbutamol or terbutaline) via nebuliser.
  • IV steroid (hydrocortisone).
  • Add or take away antibiotics or muscarinic antagonists
17
Q

What treatment is given to patients with severe acute asthma that has not responded to immediate treatment?

A

IV magnesium sulphate (bronchodilator and anti-inflammatory)

Switch from nebulised to IV salbutamol or IV methylxanthine. Continue to monitor blood gases and patient exhaustion.

18
Q

What is COPD characterised by?

A

Persistant airflow limitation that is usually progressive and associated with an enhanced inflammatory response in the airways/lungs to gases.

19
Q

What are some of the main causes of COPD?

A
  • Tobacco smoking,
  • Individual susceptibility,
  • In/outdoor pollution from biomass fuels,
  • Genetic abnormalities (alpha antitrypsin deficiency),
  • Abnormal lung function,
  • Age and sex (females at greater risk)
20
Q

Describe the effects of cannabis with lung disease

A
  • It has a different pattern of inhalation meaning people breath in deeper which can mean smokers getting COPD at a younger age. Joints can also be contaminated with aspergillosis.
21
Q

Describe features of alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency?

A
  • Increases the risk of lung and liver disease.

- It is an enzyme that is produced in the liver which counteracts proteinases

22
Q

Describe how smoking results in emphysema

A

It causes a decrease in alpha1 antitrypsin activity and causes the attraction of inflammatory cells (causing release of elastase which inhibits the action of alpha antitrypsin resulting in a deficiency) both resulting in a destruction of elastic fibres in the lung and emphysema.

23
Q

What is the pathophysiology of COPD?

A
  • Inflammation and fibrosis of the bronchial wall.
  • Hypertrophy of submucosal glands and hypersecretion of mucous.
  • Loss of elastic parenchymal lung fibres.
24
Q

When should you consider diagnosing someone with COPD?

A

Breathlessness, chronic cough/sputum production and exposure to risk factors.

25
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of COPD

A
  • Gradual onset,
  • Around 50/60s,
  • Chronic cough,
  • Sputum production which is typically worse in the morning.
  • Increasing SOB,
  • Diminishing exercise tolerance,
  • History of exposure to risk factors
26
Q

Describe the clinical presentation of a ‘pink puffer’

A
  • Increased SOB but little cough,
  • Pursed lips,
  • Barrel chest due to air trapping,
  • Use of accesory muscles,
  • Decreased breath sounds
27
Q

Describe clinical symptoms of a ‘blue bloater’

A
  • Blue = cyanosed,
  • Bloater - signs of right heart failure,
  • Expectorant cough,
  • Crackles and wheese
28
Q

What are some systemic symptoms of COPD?

A
  • Weight loss,
  • Skeletal muscle dysfunction,
  • CVS disease,
  • Depression
  • Osteoporosis
29
Q

What are the 5 fundamentals of COPD?

A
  1. Support to stop smoking,
  2. Pneumococcal and flu vaccination.
  3. Pulmonary rehab.
  4. Codevelop a personalised self management plan,
  5. Optimise co-morbidities
30
Q

What is Domiciliary oxygen therapy?

A

Non-invasive positive pressure ventilation which is given to patients with a P02 <7.3-8 kPa. They must have stopped smoking.

31
Q

What are the different types of restrictive lung disease?

A
  1. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis,
  2. Hypersensitivity pneumonitis,
  3. Sarcoidosis,
  4. Connective tissue disease related lung disease
32
Q

What will you find on clinical examination

A

PC - Dysponea, dry cough and malaise.

Exam - Bilateral fine crackles.

33
Q

What are some of the features of restrictive lung disease?

A

Decreased FVC and FEV1 however the V/Q ratio is maintained. Care is often palliative

Pathology MD3001 (20 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions