Lung Cancer Flashcards
What is the most common cancer found in head and neck region and its risk factors and major issues?
Squamous carcinoma. The major issues are lymph node spread and local recurrence. Risk factors are:
- Tobacco, alcohol, HPV, hygiene and repeated trauma.
Describe how HPV effects squamous cell carcinoma.
If HPV positive then there dents to be a better prognosis whereas in Non- HPV there is a p53 mutant which causes more aggressive cancer
What are the different types of COPD?
Emphysema and chronic bronchitis
Why doesn’t every smoker get lung cancer?
It is to do with pharmacogenomics and inter-individual susceptibility.
Describe the difference between centrilobular and panacinar emphysema
Centrilobular emphysema - This damage occurs first as particles become trapped here.
Panacinar emphysema - This is associated with host defence in protection against reactive species, eg, alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency.
What is emphysema and what does it result in?
It is enlargement of air spaces due to destruction of tissue. This causes increased volume of spaces but decreases surface area so there is less gas exchange
Name the different types of interstitial lung diseases
- Hypersensitivity pneumonitis,
- Sarcoidosis,
- Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Describe features of hypersensitivity pneumonitis
- Type 3 and 4 hypersensitivity. It can be caused by contact with bird feathers or hay. It causes restrictive lung disease
Describe features of sarcoidosis
- It is cell mediated and results in the intersititum not being able to expand.
- It causes granulomas, hilar lymphadenopathy and raised angiotensin converting enzyme
Describe features of idiopathic lung fibrosis
- Could have many causes, eg, post viral, or other systemic diseases. Results in honeycomb lung and indicates for a lung transplant
Name an example of a benign tumour
Mesenchymoma - Largely made of cartilage
Name some examples of primary malignant tumours
- Epithelium (importance of metaplasia and dysplasia)
- Vessels,
- Muscle,
- Cartilage,
- Lymphoid,
- Pleura
What are secondary malignancies and where can they arise from?
It is a tumour spread from a primary tumour. Most common tumours they arise from are;
- Sarcoma, renal carcinoma and lymphoma
Name some different types of primary epithelial cells
- Squamous,
- Adeno,
- Small cell undifferentiated,
- Carcinoid,
- Large cell undifferentiated
How are malignancies diagnosed and classed?
- Radiology, cytology EBUS and biopsy.
- They are then classed based on their grade and stage TNM
