Obstetrics Part 1 Flashcards
What happens during the first two weeks of menstrual cycle
Ovulation. Dominated by estrogen, endometrium thickens
What happens when there’s a surge of LH and FSH
Ovulation occurs (egg travels down to fallopian tubes to uterus)
How many days does it take for menstruation to occur when an egg is not fertilized
14 days
What is the ovum called when it implants
Blastocyst
What triggers placental tissues
Implantation
Implantation stimulates what hormone
Human chorionic gonadotropin hormone (hCG)
How many weeks does it take after fertilization for placenta to develop
3 Weeks
What are 7 things the placenta does
- Transfers heat. 2. Gas exchange. 3. Delivers nutrients (glucose, K+, Na+, Cl-) 4. Carries away wastes (Urea, Uric acid, Creatine) 5. Endocrine gland 6. Acts as a liver 7. Barrier against harmful substances
4 physiologic changes in the reproductive system
Vascular system, formation of mucous plug in cervix, estrogen causes vaginal mucosa to thicken, breast enlargement
3 regular physiological things In the uterus
7.5 cm long, 5cm wide, 2cm thick. 30-40 grams. Total fluid capacity 10ml
3 regular physiological things in uterus near end of pregnancy
Approx 30cm long. Weighs approx 1100 g. Total fluid capacity 1-2 liters
What are 3 respiratory changes progesterone causes
Decreased airway resistance, oxygen consumption increases by 20%, tidal volume increases gradually to about 40%
What does the mothers blood volume increase gradually to from 4-5 L ?
6-7 Liters, approx a 45% increase
What is increase risk during pregnancy and 6 weeks after?
Thrombosis
Why are mothers at higher risk of thrombosis during pregnancy
An increasedhypercoagulable state due to decreasing bleeding during miscarriage and child birth
What does a mother heart rate increase by?
10-15 BPM (increased cardiac output)
When are mothers at greatest risk of heart failure
Postpartum
What position should mothers be especially put in the 3rd trimester
Left lateral recumbent, RAISE RIGHT HIP
Average weight gain in pregnancy
12.3 KG
What are 3 things the pregnancy hormone relaxin does
Causes collagen tissues to soften, generates relaxation of ligamentous system, contributes to lordosis of later pregnancy and flexion of neck. Pretty much relaxes all muscles as your body is accommodating the baby
Isoimmunization (RH Disease)
Only occurs if the woman is Rh negative and becomes pregnant by a man who is rh positive
How to treat Rh disease
Mother is immunized with Rhogam injection
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of kidneys often cause by bacterial growth
Normal blood loss during delivery
Under 500mL normal
Moderate blood loss
500mL-1000mL
Severe blood loss
More than 1000mL
What causes morning sickness
Hormone level changes and carbohydrate needs
How long is each trimester
12 weeks each
What are two things that occur in the first trimester
All major organ systems develop. Vulnerable to defects at this time
What are two things that occur in the second trimester
Completion of organ development, placenta produces sufficient amounts of progesterone to maintain endometrial lining
Kidney changes during pregnancy
Increase in length up to 2cm, ureters get longer wider and more curved. Increased blood volume meaning increased CO causing increased urination
GI system changes
Peristalsis is slowed causing bloating and constipstion
MSK changes
Loosened pelvic joints, waddling gait, lower back pain, abdominal muscles tend to lose their tone
Cardio changes
Size of heart increases 10-15%. Heart shifts up and to the left it’s a slight rotation on its axis
3rd trimester development
Fetal weight gain, beginning weighs 2-2 1/2 pounds and once 8 months 5 pounds then.last month half a pound a week. Estrogen production by placenta stimulates labour and delivery
Until how many weeks is a baby premature
Less than 37 weeks
When is it called an embryo
Up to 8 weeks
When is it called a fetus
After 8 weeks
Fetal development at 3 months
Uterus above symphysis, fingers and toes with signs of gender
Fetal development 4 months
12 cm long, distinguish male or female
Fetal development 5 months
Scalp hair and lanugo. Height of umbilicus
Fetal development 6 months
Eyebrows and lashes , eyes fused, will attempt to breathe if born
Fetal development 7 months
Eyes open, vernix, cries weakly and moves limbs
When is surfactant therapy needed
Born before 30 weeks
Fetal development 8 months
1800 grams, may have rds, neonatal care center needed
Fetal development 9 months
2500 grams, subcutaneous fat causes body to become round and wrinkles are lost
Premature deliveries of _________________ have a good chance of surviving
Greater than 1kg, 28-36 weeks
4 components of placenta
- Connected to fetus by umbilical cord, protective barrier against harmful substances, expelled after birth, 15-28 cotyledons
What weeks are considered full term
More than 37
