Obstacles to Unification Flashcards
What are the 7 main obstacles to Unification?
Foreign power Political Weakness The Papacy Southern Issues Piedmontisation Brigands War Economic and Social backwardness
How did Foreign power portray some unification?
North (1859 war) was geographically unified with South (1860, Garibaldi)
Austria was removed from Lombardy and the Monarchs and leaders were removed from Central Duchies-shows Italian strength.
Bourbons were removed from Sicily in 1860-Italy gaining more control
Plebiscites annexed states to Piedmont-one clear leader of Unification.
How did Foreign powers portray Divisions?
Venetia was still under Austrian control and maintained a large army there in the Quadilateral- Austria still have power and were not willing to give it up- shows strength and risk of them taking over Italy again.
Austria was supported by the Great Powers-wakens Italy and limits complete unification as they cannot gain Venetia/Rome to be a whole country- turns people against Nationalism.
Rome under French control-foreign powers have one of the most important states- angered the public causing riots leading to political and economic issues. Divide in ideology and leaders.
Attempts to return Rome to Italy failed in 1864-makes Piedmont look weak and incapable of sticking up for their own country.
How did Politics unify Italy?
Unified army was formed and modernised- unified army that defends Italy, showing Italian strength
Schools and Universities came under state control- unified education system that is not under church control showing that Italy is taking over the country.
Single criminal code was adopted and civil law code was in the whole of Italy by 1865- all following same rules unified ideology and laws.
How did political weakness cause divisions?
June 1861- Cavour died- Italy lost its most successful politician
Within 5 years, Italy went through 5 different politicians- Italy was very politically unstable, new ideas and politicians would confuse the people as it is happening in such a small amount of time.
How did The Papacy help to unify Italy?
Church power was destroyed by The Risorgimento- meant that Italy was gaining more power and that the public were under one leader.
Not serious as the Pope had no real power to take control over the state.
How did the power of The Papacy cause divisions for Italy?
The Syllabus of errors meant that the Church regained power and control over education. Rejected any tolerance for other religions and also criticized liberalism and made no plans to modernise Italy- going against Nationalism and discourage people to support nationalism
Papal infallibility- Nobody could argue with the pope as his words had to be accepted- divide in leaders, shows difficulty for the Government to acquire mass support and could lead to dangerous riots.
How did Piedmontisation cause divisions in Italy?
Forced Unification in the South when they were not ready and ignored the Southern conditions causing an economic and social divide.
Attacked the Church for money which lead to the dissolution of 2383 monasteries, upsetting the 90% Catholic population.
Piedmont had a lack of financial and human resources- increased the risk of invasion from other countries as well as turning the public against Piedmont
How did The Brigands War cause divisions for Italy?
Piedmont had to increase taxes to pay for the 2.5 billion Lire debt- unfair on peasants and would cause economic issues for them
Actions of the Piedmont government was the cause for The Brigands to rise up again-serious movement shows hatred towards Piedmont
Piedmont used 120000 men against The Brigands- emphasises the divide as Italy are using more men for fighting their own country then they did for war with Austria.
Shows brutality between the North and the South causing a long term resentment in their own country.
