Causes Of Unification Flashcards
What are the 4 main causes of unification?
International support
Piedmont
Nationalism
Indirect causes
What did the French do to help unify Italy?
Invested lots of money into helping the Italians build infrastructure.
By 1857 the mount cenis tunnel went through the Alps which meant that Italy now had a protector/ally for unification
When was the second Italian war of independence and who did it involve?
1859
Austria and France
How did the second Italian war of independence help unify Italy?
Gave Piedmont the power to defeat Austria meaning that Piedmont was able to use piedmontisation and plebiscites to annex the states to Piedmont
How did the British help unify Italy?
Let garibaldi stand by in Naples in 1860 meaning that garibaldi was then able to go on and geographically unite Italy
When was the 3rd Italian war of independence?
1866
Between Austria and Prussia
Prussia gave Venetia to the French who then gave it to Italy, helping to complete the jigsaw
When was the international agreement?
1870
Included great powers such as Spain and Austria
Allowed Italy to gain Rome
How did Cavour create political stability?
Through being finance minister, foreign minister and prime minister.
Showed that Italy didn’t need to rely on foreign powers and could be independent
When were the central duchies annexed to Piedmont?
1860 after the 3rd Italian war of independence
Piedmont was responsible for the taking over of states from garibaldi meaning that all states were under the same law
What is meant by piedmontisation?
Forcing the Piedmontese systems onto the whole of Italy.
How did piedmontisation help unify Italy?
Economically and politically supported and stabilised Italy through imposing the same laws, currency and language across Italy.
What is the downside to piedmontisation?
Caused social problems and increased the divide between the north and south.
How did the legal system of Naples change?
Changed by 53 decrees in just 2 days, showing how quickly Italy was becoming unified
How did piedmontisation anger the catholic population?
Piedmontisation meant that 2832 monasteries were abolished to pay for education in the north
When did canal building begin?
1857- boosted the construction industry which created more jobs and also increased communication between states, and meant that economic growth could spread throughout states, in order to benefit the whole of Piedmont
How much debt was Piedmont in by 1859?
725 million lire- shows the downside to Piedmont’s economic development
How did victor Emmanuel help unify Italy?
Part of the Austrian imperial family which meant that he would keep both Austria and Italy happy. However, also scared nationalists as they feared he could be influenced by Austria.
Anti conservative which meant he was more inclined to change however his first protocol was to shell radicals in Genoa suggesting that he was against liberalism
Judgment for Piedmont
Piedmont still relied on financial and military support from the French. There were certain periods, 1850-1860 where they were most important but foreign powers played a more significant role in events
What was the national society?
Formed in the 1850’s and by 1857 they had 8000 members.
The idea was to promote the unity of Italy, however they didn’t include members of the south showing the divide.
What did the national society do?
Created a provisional government in the central duchies to annex them to Piedmont which led to the unification of the north
What was young Italy?
Created in 1831 by Mazzini and had 5000 followers.
What did young Italy do?
Organised propaganda so unification became more widespread.
What were the failures of young Italy?
1834- attempted to invade savoy but failed due to an incompetent general.
1833- attempted to start a mutiny in Piedmont but failed due to being crushed by Charles Albert- showing strength of the monarchy leading to a lack of support
Mazzini was seen as a radical so didn’t gain enough support to carry out mass movements
Who was garibaldi?
Involved in 1859 war and was able to geographically unite Italy
How did garibaldi unite the north and south?
Through guerilla tactics and leadership
What problems did Italy face after geographical unification?
Social divided between the north and south and the south became extremely ignored which led to the brigands war in 1861
When was the Crimean war?
1854- Cavour got Piedmont involved in Jan 1855 as the French and GB asked Piedmont for reinforcements.
How many Piedmontese troops were sent in to the Crimean war?
18000
What was the result of the Piedmont’s involvement in the peace treaty?
Peace treaty
Admiration
Strong diplomatic ties with France and GB showing that Italy were strong enough to defeat Austria
When was the Franco Prussian war?
1870
How did the Franco Prussian war help unite Italy?
The French left Rome to fight Prussia meaning that Italians were able to take advantage of the power vaccum in Rome and annex it to Piedmont
How did Austria help to unite Italy?
The economic challenges from prussia meant that Austrians dominance over Italy declined as they had to solve their own problems which meant that Italy was able to become more independent
Judgement of indirect causes
It still involved foreign support to facilitate and provide aid, even if it was indirect it was still down to foreign powers
