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PGS - Meteorology > Observations, Service outlets, Briefings & METAR > Flashcards

Observations, Service outlets, Briefings & METAR Flashcards

2
Q

What is an abbreviated briefing?

A

A shortened version of the standard briefing. It should be requested when a departure has been delayed or when specific weather information is needed to update the previous briefing.

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3
Q

What is the (EFAS)

A

The ENROUTE FLIGHT ADVISORY SERVICE is designed to provide enroute weather information upon pilot request

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4
Q

What is the (EFAS) otherwise known as?

A

Flight watch

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5
Q

What information does the (EFAS) provide

A

Weather advisories tailored to the type if flight, route and cruising altitude.

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6
Q

What information does the (TWEB) provide

A

Route orientated data, route forecast, forecast outlook, winds aloft and other selected weather reports for 50 nautical miles of the FSS or for a 50 mile wide corridor along a specific route.

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7
Q

How long is a (TWEB) forecast valid for.

A

12 hours

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8
Q

How often is a (TWEB) forecast updated

A

Four times a day

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9
Q

What is (TWEB)

NOTE: Not “what info does it provide?”. “What is it; in simple terms?”

A

The transcribed weather broadcast is a weather report transmitted continuously over selected nav-aids

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10
Q

On a sectional chart, how can you tell if a Nav-Aid has (TWEB) capability

A

There would be a ‘T’ in the upper right-hand corner of the Nav-Aid box

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11
Q

Upon receiving a (HIWAS) briefing who should you contact for more detailed information

A

FSS’s or an (EFAS)

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12
Q

On sectional charts, how can you tell if a Nav-Aid has (HIWAS) capability

A

There would be an ‘H’ in the upper right corner of the identification box

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13
Q

What is the (HIWAS)?

A

The Hazardous In-Flight Weather Advisory is a national program for broadcasting hazardous weather continuously over selected Nav-Aids

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14
Q

What does a (HIWAS) broadcast include

A

Advisories such as: AIRMET’s, SIGMET’s, Convective SIGMET’s and Urgent PIREP’s

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15
Q

When can a pilot contact an (EFAS)

A

Between 6:00am to 10:00pm anywhere in the U.S. and Puerto Rico.

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16
Q

What is the common (EFAS) frequency

A

122.0 MHZ

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17
Q

The (EFAS) common frequency is for what flight altitude range From/To?

A

5000 feet AGL to 17500 feet MSL

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18
Q

What does WSR-88D NEXRAD (DOPLER) Cover/Do?

A

Provides in-depth observations to inform surrounding communities of impending weather

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19
Q

Where is (TDWR) installed

A

Some major airports around the USA

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20
Q

Who gets the info from (TDWR)

A

Airport traffic controllers & Pilots

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21
Q

What info does (TDWR) provide to airport traffic control

A

Severe weather alerts and warnings

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22
Q

What info does (TDWR) provide to pilots

A

Wind shear, gust front’s and heavy precipitation for arriving and departing aircraft

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23
Q

Name the 6 service outlets

A

(FAA) Flight Service Stations, (TIBS) Transcribed information briefing service, (DUATS) Direct User Access Terminal Service, (EFAS) Enroute Flight Advisory Service, (HIWAS) Hazardous In-flight weather advisory, (TWEB) Transcribed Weather Broadcast.

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of aviation weather observations

A

Surface Aviation Weather Observations, Upper-Air Observations, Radar Observations.

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25
Q

What are Surface Aviation Weather observations otherwise known as?

A

METAR

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26
What are the names of the 2 main ground stations for surface observations
(AWOS) Automated Weather Observing Systems, (ASOS) Automated Surface Observing Systems.
27
What does (FAA) Airport Surveillance Radar detect?
Aircraft and the Location and Intensity of Precipitation to Divert Aircraft if necessary
28
With Radiosonde observations; what data is collected?
Temperature, Humidity, Pressure & Wind Data.
29
How High do Radiosonde observations go to?
Up to and above 100,000 feet
30
What atmospheric conditions do PIREP's report?
Turbulence, Icing & Cloud Heights
31
What are the 3 types of Radar observations
WSR-88D NEXRAD (AKA DOPLAR), (TDWR) - (FAA) Terminal Dopler Weather Radar, (FAA) Airport Surveillance Radar
32
If using a modem and a communications program to contact (DUATS) how do you make contact and where would you find contact details?
A toll free number which would be in chapter 7 of the Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM).
33
What are the 2 methods of access to contact with (DUATS)
Internet website's, Modem & communications program supplied by a (DUATS) provider.
34
What are the 2 web sites used to access (DUATS)
DynCorp - (http://www.duats.com) and Data Transformation Corporation (http://www.duat.com)
35
What is the Direct User Access Terminal Service
(DUATS) allows any pilot with a current medical certificate to access weather information and file a flight plan VIA Computer.
36
Who funds the (DUATS)
Funded by the (FAA)
37
Where does (TIBS) data come from
It is prepared and disseminated by selected (AFSS')
38
When is the (TIBS) service available
24 hours a day
39
How do you contact a (TIBS) service
(TIBS) can only be contacted by Touch-Tone phone.
40
Where can you find contact details for (TIBS)
Phone numbers for (TIBS) are listed in the A/FD
41
What other services do (FSS's) provide
In-Flight weather briefing services, scheduled & Un-Scheduled weather broadcasts and advisories.
42
What is the (TIBS)
The Transcribed Information Briefing Service provides continuous telephone recordings of meteorological and aeronautical information. Provides area and route briefings, airspace procedures & special announcements.
43
If you can't contact an (AFSS) because you are in an area of the USA not serviced by one, who else might provide pilot weather briefings?
The National Weather Service.
44
Where might you find telephone numbers for NWS facilities and FSS's/AFSS's
Airport/facilities directory (A/FD) or the U.S. Government section of the telephone book.
45
What is the FAA Flight Service Station
The primary source for Pre-Flight weather information
46
What is an (AFSS)
Automated Flight Service Station
47
How do you contact an (AFSS)
1-800-WX-BRIEF
48
When can you contact an (AFSS)
24 hours a day
49
Define Service Outlet's
Government or Private Facilities that provide aviation weather services.
50
Name who it is that provides access to weather information
FAA - Federal Aviation Administration. NOAA - National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. NWS - National Weather Service. All work with private aviation companies
51
What information comes from surface observations?
Type of report, station identifier, date & time, modifier (as required), wind, visibility, runway visual range (RVR), weather phenomena, sky condition, temperature/dew-point, altimeter reading and Applicable remarks.
52
What are the 2 methods of observing upper air weather phenomena?
Radiosonde observations. Pilot weather reports.
53
Where do observers get radiosonde observations data from?
Radio telemetry from sounding balloons
54
How often do observers collect radio observations data?
Twice daily.
55
Relating to weather what should a pilot do prior to every flight?
Gather all information vital to the nature of the flight.
56
Prior to any flight, who do you have to choose from for an appropriate weather briefing?
FSS's/AFSS's or the NWS
57
What are the 3 types of weather briefings you can ask a weather specialist for?
A Standard Briefing, an Abbreviated Briefing or an Outlook Briefing.
58
Other than the type of briefing, what else might be helpful for you to provide when asking for a weather briefing?
Whether the flight is (VFR) or (IFR), aircraft Identification and Type, Departure Point, Estimated Time of Departure (ETD), flight altitude, Route of flight, Destination and Estimated Time En Route (ETE).
59
Where does the weather specialist who briefed you record your Briefing information?
In the Flight Plan System.
60
In the Flight Plan System once your flight briefing is recorded a note is made of what?
The type of weather briefing provided.
61
Weather information requests filed on the flight plan system can be used later for what & why?
To file or amend a flight plan or it can be useful if an aircraft is overdue or reported missing.
62
Which type of weather briefing should be obtained prior to the departure of any flight?
A Standard Briefing
63
What is included in a Standard Briefing?
Adverse Conditions, VFR Flight NOT RECOMMENDED, Synopsis, Current Conditions, En Route Forecast, Destination Forecast, Winds and Temperatures Aloft, Notices to Airmen, ATC Delays and Other Information.
64
What does the Adverse Conditions section of a Standard Briefing include?
Any information that may influence your decision to cancel or alter the route of flight.
65
In the Adverse Conditions section of a Standard Briefing, what do ADVERSE CONDITIONS include?
Significant weather, thunderstorms, Aircraft Icing or airport closing's.
66
Why might the VFR Flight NOT RECOMMENDED advisory occur in a standard briefing
Weather below VFR Minimum's or simply doubtful the flight could be made under VFR conditions.
67
In a Standard Briefing, if VFR flight NOT RECOMMENDED, who's decision is the Go/No Go?
The Pilot's
68
In a Standard Briefing what is the synopsis?
An overview of the larger weather picture, fronts and major weather systems.
69
In a Standard Briefing what does the Current Conditions section include?
Current ceilings, visibility, winds and temperatures.
70
In a Standard Briefing the Current Conditions section will not be included if your departure time is how far away?
More than 2 hours away.
71
In a Standard Briefing what is the En Route Forecast?
A summary of the weather forecast for the proposed route.
72
In a Standard Briefing what is the Destination Forecast?
Summary of expected weather at the destination airport at your (ETA)
73
In a Standard Briefing what does the Winds and Temperatures Aloft section report?
Winds at specific altitudes. Temperature info only provided on request.
74
In a Standard Briefing what is the Notices To Airmen?
Supplies NOTAM information pertinent to the route of flight which has not been published in the Notices to Airmen Publication.
75
In a Standard Briefing is published NOTAM information provided?
No! Only on request.
76
In a Standard Briefing what does the ATC DELAYS section include?
Any known ATC delays that may affect the flight.
77
In a Standard Briefing what would you expect to be included in the OTHER INFORMATION Section?
Radio Frequencies needed to open a flight plan and contact an (EFAS) plus any other information requested.
78
When asking for an abbreviated briefing, what else does the weather specialist need to know?
The time and source of the previous briefing.
79
When should you request an outlook briefing?
When a planned departure is more than 6 hours away?
80
What are the three main types of weather reports?
Aviation routine weather reports (METAR).Pilot weather reports (PIREP's) and radar weather reports (SD's).
81
What is an Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)?
An observation of current surface weather reported in a standard international format.
82
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Type of report What are the 2 types of METAR reports?
1. Routine METAR report. | 2. Aviation Selected Special Weather Report (SPECI).
83
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Type of report How often is a routine METAR report transmitted?
Every hour.
84
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Type of report What is a (SPECI) report?
A special report that can be given at any time to update the METAR for rapidly changing weather conditions , aircraft mishaps or other critical information.
85
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Who established the four letter code that each weather station is identified by?
The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO).
86
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Station Identifier In the USA the unique 3 letter identifier is preceded by what letter?
"K"
87
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Station Identifier In other regions of the world, including Alaska and Hawaii, the first two letters of the four-letter ICAO identifier indicate what?
The region, country, or state.
88
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Station Identifier What are the first two letters of the Alaska ICAO Identifier?
"PA"
89
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Station Identifier What are the first two letters of the Hawaii ICAO Identifier?
"PH"
90
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Station Identifier A list of station identifiers can be found where?
At an FSS or NWS office.
91
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Date and Time of Report How many digits are there to display the date and time?
Six digits followed by 'Z' so seven figures all together.
92
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Date and Time of Report What are the first two digits?
The date of the METAR.
93
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Date and Time of Report What are the third, fourth, fifth and sixth digits for?
The time of the METAR.
94
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Date and Time of Report What time zone is METAR always reported in?
Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
95
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Date and Time of Report (UTC) is also known as what?
Zulu time.
96
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Date and Time of Report What letter is always added to the final digit of the date and time report and what does it mean?
The letter "Z" which means that the time is always given in 'Zulu' or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC).
97
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Modifier What is the Modifier?
Modifiers denote that the METAR came from an automated source or that the report was corrected.
98
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Modifier What are the two modifiers that you might see in a METAR report?
AUTO or COR
99
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Modifier If the modifier is AUTO, what does this mean?
It means that the report came from an automated source.
100
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Modifier If the modifier is AUTO, what would you expect to be listed in the remarks section and what would it mean?
“AO1” or “AO2” would indicate the type of precipitation sensors employed at the automated station.
101
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Modifier When the modifier “COR” is used, it identifies what?
A corrected report sent out to replace an earlier report that contained an error.
102
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Wind Wind is reported in how many digits?
Winds are reported with five digits, unless the speed is greater than 99 knots, in which case the wind is reported with six digits.
103
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Wind What do the first 3 digits indicate?
The first three digits indicate the direction the wind is blowing, in tens of degrees. If the wind is variable, it is reported as “VRB.”
104
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Wind What do the last 2 digits usually indicate?
The last two digits indicate the speed of the wind in knots (KT) unless the wind is greater than 99 knots, in which case it is indicated by three digits.
105
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Wind What if winds are gusting?
After the wind speed there would be a letter "G" followed by the peak gust speed recorded.
106
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Wind If the winds vary greatly in direction and speed, what else might be reported?
If wind varies more than 60° and windspeed is more than 6 knots, a separate group of numbers, separated by a “V,” will indicate the extremes of the wind directions.
107
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Visibility The prevailing visibility is reported in WHAT? And denoted by which letters?
Statute miles as denoted by the letters “SM.”
108
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Visibility In terms of visible distance, visibility is shown as WHAT & WHAT?
Miles and fractions of miles.
109
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Visibility What is SOMETIMES reported after the prevailing visibility?
(RVR) or Runway Visual Range.
110
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Visibility What is "RVR"?
RVR is the distance a pilot can see down the runway in a moving aircraft.
111
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Visibility When "RVR" is reported, how is it shown on the METAR?
It is shown with an R, then the runway number, a forward slash, then the visual range in feet.
112
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Weather Weather can be broken down into two different categories. What are they?
Qualifiers and Weather Phenomenon.
113
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Weather What are the Qualifiers?
Intensity, Proximity, and the Descriptor of the weather.
114
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Weather How might the Intensity be shown on the METAR Report?
(-) Light( ) ModerateOr(+) Heavy.
115
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Weather What does the Proximity depict?
Weather phenomena in the airport vicinity “VC”, between 5 to 10 miles from the airport.
116
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Weather What might Weather Phenomena be reported as being?
Precipitation, Obscurations, and Other phenomena such as squalls or funnel clouds.
117
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Weather What are the 8 Qualifying Descriptors?
``` MI - Shallow BC - Patches DR - Low Drifting BL - Blowing SH - Showers TS - Thunderstorms FZ - Freezing PR - Partial ```
118
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Weather What are the 9 Weather Phenomena, Precipitations?
``` DZ - Drizzle RA - Rain SN - Snow SG - Snow Grains IC - Ice Crystals (diamond dust) PL - Ice Pellets GR - Hail GS - Small Hail or Snow Pellets UP - *Unknown Precipitation (*Automated Stations only) ```
119
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Weather What are the 8 Weather Phenomena, Obscurations?
``` BR - Mist FG - Fog FU - Smoke DU - Dust SA - Sand HA - Haze PY - Spray VA - Volcanic Ash ```
120
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Weather What are the 6 Weather Phenomena, Other's?
``` PO - Dust/Sand Whirls SQ - Squalls FC - Funnel Cloud +FC - Tornado or Waterspout SS - Sandstorm DS - Dust Storm. ```
121
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition How do you show /SK on a PIREP
Base/Coverage indicator(s)/Top / to show separate layers - to show range ** /SK 022 BKN-OVC 029/050 SCT 055
121
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition How are the heights of cloud bases reported?
Cloud based are reported with a three-digit number in hundreds of feet above the ground.
122
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition Automated Stations don't detect or report clouds above WHAT height?
12,000 feet.
123
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition What types of clouds are specifically reported with their heights?
Towering CUmulus (TCU) or CumulonimBus (CB) clouds.
124
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition How does the report describe the amount of cloud coverage and obscuring phenomena?
Broken down into Eighths of the sky from horizon to horizon.
125
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition What are the 5 levels of sky cover?
``` Less than 1/8 (Clear) 1/8 to 2/8 (Few) 3/8 to 4/8 (Scattered) 5/8 to 7/8 (Broken) 8/8 or Overcast (Overcast) ```
126
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition How is Clear shown on the report?
SKC,CLR or FEW
127
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition How is Few shown on the report?
FEW
128
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition How is Scattered shown on the report?
SCT
129
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition How is Broken shown on the report?
BKN
130
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Sky Condition How is Overcast shown on the report?
OVC
131
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Temperature/Dew-point How are Temperature and Dew-Point shown on the report?
Given in Degrees Celsius and separated by a forward slash. E.G. 18/17 means 18 degrees Celsius and a dew point of 17 degrees.
132
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Temperature/Dew-point Temperatures below zero are preceded by which letter and what does it stand for?
"M" for Minus.
133
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Altimeter Setting How is the Altimeter Setting Reported?
As inches of mercury in a four-digit number group preceded by the letter "A".
134
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Altimeter Setting With regard to air pressure, what might also be reported in the remarks section and how would it be displayed?
Rising air pressure "PRESRR"orFalling air pressure "PRESFR"
135
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Remarks Section If a remark is reported, what might it include?
Descriptions of weather phenomena as they begin or end, hailstone sizes, wind data, variable visibility, pressure information, and anything else deemed necessary.
136
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Remarks Section As an example, what does this mean (OCNL LTGICCG)?
OCcasioNaL LighTninG In the Clouds, and from Cloud to Ground
137
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Remarks Section What do Automated Stations ALSO use the Remarks Section to indicate?
That the Station needs Maintenance.
138
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)... Remarks Section The Remarks Section always begins with WHAT?
"RMK"

PGS - Meteorology (8 decks)

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