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OCR A Level Psychology > Observations > Flashcards

Observations Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a Structured Observation?

A

When researchers know what they want to research and therefore create a structure (checklist)

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2
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of a Structured Observation?

A

Strengths: More scientific,
More reliable,
All data is relevant

Weaknesses: Can only record behaviours that are on your checklist

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3
Q

What is an unstructured Observation?

A

When the researcher records all behaviours they witness (don’t have a checklist)

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4
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of an unstructured Observation?

A

Strengths: More detail

Weaknesses: Missing behaviour (too much to write down)

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5
Q

What is a Naturalistic Observation?

A

Observations in a natural environment

The researcher doesn’t interfere

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6
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of a Naturalistic Observation?

A

Strengths: Normal behaviour (high ecological validity)

Weaknesses: Very little control (anything can happen)

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7
Q

What is a Controlled Observation?

A

When the observation situation is staged

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8
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of a Controlled Observation?

A

Strengths: Won’t get things interfering with the observation (more accurate)

Weaknesses: High amount of control causes situations to feel artificial (might not get real behaviour)

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9
Q

What is a Participant Observation?

A

When the researcher becomes part of the group being observed and takes an active role in the observation

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10
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of a Participant Observation?

A

Strengths: Provides in-depth knowledge (good vantage point),
Avoids researcher bias,
Greater insight

Weaknesses: Researcher joining group may alter behaviour,
Easy to become emotionally involved

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11
Q

What is a Non-Participant Observation?

A

When the researcher is not part of the group being observed and does not take an active role

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12
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of a Non-Participant Observation?

A

Strengths: Can remain more objective

Weaknesses: Distance means you might not see everything

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13
Q

What is a Covert Observation?

A

When the researcher observes participants in secret

Participants are not aware that they’re being observed

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14
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of a Covert Observation?

A

Strengths: More likely to get natural behaviour

Weaknesses: Less ethical

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15
Q

What is an Overt Observation?

A

The researcher informs participants that they’re being observed

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16
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of an Overt Observation?

A

Strengths: More ethical

Weaknesses: Might not get natural behaviour

17
Q

What are Behavioural Categories?

A

Clearly defined behaviours that can be observed and recorded

18
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Behavioural Categories?

A

Strengths: Easier to record the same behaviours,
Higher inter-rater reliability

Weaknesses: Time consuming

19
Q

What are Coding Frames?

A

Sub-categories among Behavioural Categories (in coded form) to allow for more specific behaviours to be recorded

20
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Coding Frames?

A

Strengths: More precise

Weaknesses: Time consuming

21
Q

What is Time Sampling?

A

When researchers record data within specified time intervals

22
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Time Sampling?

A

Strengths: Researchers may stay more focused,

Weaknesses: Miss behaviours that could occur when you’re not recording

23
Q

What is Event Sampling

A

When researchers record every occurrence of behaviours within a specified period of time

24
Q

What are the strengths and weaknesses of Event Sampling?

A

Strengths: Allows you to record all behaviours

Weaknesses: Time consuming

25
Q

What is Inter-rater Reliability?

A

The extent to which researchers- observing the same behaviour, in the same way- agree on the results

26
Q

What are Observer Effects?

A

Participants may change their behaviour if they know they’re being observed

27
Q

What is Observer Bias?

A

A tendency for the researcher to see what they’d expect to see

OCR A Level Psychology (8 decks)

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